Table 1. Number of Campylobacter Species Tested from Chickens
|
|
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
| Jejuni |
128 |
563 |
590 |
64 |
526 |
374 |
508 |
567 |
228 |
166 |
| Coli |
63 |
168 |
172 |
52 |
288 |
247 |
186 |
380 |
123 |
76 |
| Other |
3 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Total |
194 |
731 |
765 |
116 |
814 |
621 |
694 |
947 |
351 |
242 |
Table 1 notes: Differences in isolation methods are described in the section on methods
Table 2. Distribution of MICs and Occurrence of Resistance among Campylobacter Isolates from Chickens, 2007
|
Antimicrobial |
Species |
%I |
%R |
95% CI |
Distribution (%) of MICs (µg/ml) |
| 0.015 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
0.125 |
0.25 |
0.5 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
8 |
16 |
32 |
64 |
128 |
|
Gentamicin |
C. coli |
0 |
1.3 |
0.1-8.1 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
19.7 |
76.3 |
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
1.3 |
|
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0.0-2.8 |
|
|
|
4.2 |
37.3 |
58.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clindamycin |
C. coli |
3.9 |
9.2 |
4.1-18.6 |
|
|
3.9 |
22.4 |
57.9 |
1.3 |
|
1.3 |
3.9 |
9.2 |
|
|
|
|
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0.0-2.8 |
|
1.2 |
40.4 |
49.4 |
8.4 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Azithromycin |
C. coli |
0 |
14.5 |
7.8-24.9 |
|
13.2 |
50 |
22.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.5 |
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0.0-2.8 |
11.4 |
51.8 |
33.1 |
3 |
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Erythromycin |
C. coli |
0 |
14.5 |
7.8-24.9 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
22.4 |
17.1 |
40.8 |
2.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
14.5 |
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0.0-2.8 |
|
|
1.2 |
13.9 |
48.8 |
30.7 |
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telithromycin |
C. coli |
1.3 |
13.2 |
6.9-23.4 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
19.7 |
6.6 |
25 |
31.6 |
|
1.3 |
13.2 |
|
|
|
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0.0-2.8 |
|
|
|
2.4 |
17.5 |
48.2 |
28.9 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Florfenicol |
C. coli |
0 |
0 |
0.0-6.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
6.6 |
86.8 |
6.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0.0-2.8 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
0.6 |
35.5 |
57.8 |
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ciprofloxacin |
C. coli |
0 |
15.8 |
8.8-26.4 |
|
|
22.4 |
42.1 |
19.7 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
7.9 |
6.6 |
|
|
|
| C. jejuni |
0 |
21.7 |
15.8-28.9 |
|
0.6 |
48.8 |
24.1 |
3.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
|
1.8 |
14.5 |
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
Nalidixic Acid |
C. coli |
0 |
15.8 |
8.8-26.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
75 |
9.2 |
|
|
5.3 |
10.5 |
| C. jejuni |
0.6 |
21.7 |
15.8-28.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68.1 |
9 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
5.4 |
16.3 |
|
Tetracycline |
C. coli |
0 |
42.1 |
31.0-54.0 |
|
|
|
13.2 |
39.5 |
5.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
1.3 |
6.6 |
34.2 |
| C. jejuni |
0.6 |
56.6 |
48.7-64.2 |
|
|
4.2 |
24.7 |
7.8 |
4.2 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
|
0.6 |
4.8 |
12.7 |
19.3 |
19.9 |
Table 2 notes:
95% confidence intervals for percent resistant (%R) were calculated using the Clopper-Pearson exact method
Antimicrobial subclasses and susceptible, intermediate and resistance breakpoints can be found in the antimicrobials and breakpoints section.
There are CLSI breakpoints only for erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline
Table 3. Percent Antimicrobial Resistance among Campylobacter Isolates from Chickens by Year, 1998-2007
| Antimicrobial |
Species |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
| Gentamicin |
C. coli |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.3 |
0 |
1.3 |
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Clindamycin |
C. coli |
20.6 |
12.5 |
12.8 |
3.8 |
8.3 |
8.9 |
4.8 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
9.2 |
| C. jejuni |
3.9 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
0 |
0 |
| Azithromycin |
C. coli |
25.4 |
14.9 |
22.7 |
11.5 |
19.4 |
20.2 |
9.1 |
8.4 |
8.9 |
14.5 |
| C. jejuni |
3.1 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
3.1 |
1 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
0 |
| Erythromycin |
C. coli |
23.8 |
14.9 |
22.7 |
11.5 |
18.8 |
20.2 |
9.1 |
8.4 |
8.9 |
14.5 |
| C. jejuni |
3.1 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
3.1 |
0.6 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
0 |
| Telithromycin |
C. coli |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
5.5 |
6.5 |
13.2 |
| C. jejuni |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Chloramphenicol |
C. coli |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
| C. jejuni |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
NT
|
NT |
NT |
| Florfenicol |
C. coli |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| C. jejuni |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Ciprofloxacin |
C. coli |
20.6 |
13.7 |
14.5 |
19.2 |
16 |
20.2 |
26.3 |
22.1 |
15.4 |
15.8 |
| C. jejuni |
9.4 |
9.6 |
10.5 |
20.3 |
18.6 |
14.7 |
21.3 |
15 |
8.8 |
21.7 |
| Nalidixic acid |
C. coli |
31.7 |
17.3 |
16.3 |
21.2 |
18.1 |
21.9 |
28 |
22.1 |
15.4 |
15.8 |
| C. jejuni |
14.8 |
11.9 |
12.2 |
20.3 |
22.8 |
15.5 |
21.7 |
15.3 |
8.8 |
21.7 |
| Tetracycline |
C. coli |
61.9 |
57.7 |
57.6 |
57.7 |
49 |
51 |
48.4 |
42.1 |
53.7 |
42.1 |
| C. jejuni |
58.6 |
53.3 |
52.9 |
34.4 |
44.7 |
47.1 |
41.1 |
44.1 |
56.1 |
56.6 |
Table 3 notes:
From 1998 through 2004, the Etest method was used for susceptibility testing while in 2005 testing was conducted using micro-broth dilution. For breakpoints, please refer to Table 2 in the sampling and testing methods section. Etest MICs were not rounded up prior to categorization.
From 1998 through 2000, nalidixic acid susceptibility and cephalothin resistance were used as selection criteria for Campylobacter identification
2001 isolates were recovered from July through December, 2001, when the new ARS isolation method was used
One isolate originally found to be chloramphenicol resistant was not reproducible upon further testing
NT: Not tested
Table 4. Percent Frequency of Resistance Patterns of Campylobacter coli Isolates, by Year, 1998-2007
|
| 1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
| No Resistance detected |
19 |
33.3 |
27.9 |
30.8 |
37.5 |
32.8 |
37.1 |
47.6 |
39 |
43.4 |
| Resistance >1 CLSI subclass |
81 |
66.7 |
72.1 |
69.2 |
62.5 |
67.2 |
62.9 |
52.4 |
61 |
56.6 |
| Resistance >2 CLSI subclasses |
47.6 |
26.2 |
29.7 |
26.9 |
27.4 |
32.4 |
32.3 |
29.2 |
22.8 |
26.3 |
| Resistance >3 CLSI subclasess |
30.2 |
17.3 |
18.6 |
15.4 |
13.9 |
18.6 |
18.3 |
17.9 |
16.3 |
18.4 |
| Resistance >4 CLSI subclasses |
1.6 |
4.8 |
3.5 |
1.9 |
4.9 |
3.6 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
5.3 |
| Resistance >5 CLSI subclasses |
0 |
1.8 |
0 |
0 |
2.1 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0 |
3.9 |
Table 5. Percent Frequency of Resistance Patterns of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates, by Year, 1998-2007
|
| 1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
|
No Resistance detected |
38.3 |
42.6 |
42.2 |
53.1 |
44.9 |
45.5 |
48.2 |
46.9 |
39.9 |
34.3 |
| Resistance >1 CLSI subclass |
61.7 |
57.4 |
57.8 |
46.9 |
55.1 |
54.5 |
51.8 |
53.1 |
60.1 |
65.7 |
| Resistance >2 CLSI subclasses |
14.8 |
11.5 |
11.9 |
21.9 |
21.3 |
16 |
22 |
16 |
8.8 |
21.7 |
| Resistance >3 CLSI subclasess |
9.4 |
6.9 |
6.6 |
9.4 |
11.4 |
8.8 |
12.2 |
6.2 |
5.3 |
12.7 |
| Resistance >4 CLSI subclasses |
2.3 |
0 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
| Resistance >5 CLSI subclasses |
1.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Table 4 and 5 notes:
CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M100 Document
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