To understand the effects of rising levels of carbon dioxide, increasing mean temperatures, frequency of increasing hot spells and drought, and a combination of those factors, requires measuring the physiological responses and incorporating those measurements into crop prediction models under different climate scenarios. These predictions can be tested and used as decision support services to growers. The research will result in provide recommendations regarding selection of crop species and varieties within a species, planting dates, the need for irrigation, and pest control requirements. The crop simulation models can also be used at a larger scale to forecast regional crop production as a function of climate change and changes in management practices that would minimize loss and maximize crop production with climate uncertainty.