Technical Abstract: We examined, with 15 plastid microsatellite loci and with the 241 bp deletion marker characteristic of Chilean S. tuberosum, 392 accessions of cultivated and wild potato species, mostly from the experimental subset of the Russian National potato collection, recently characterized by nuclear microsatellites and morphology, but also including some accessions from the US potato gene bank and from the International Potato Center. These included 237 accessions of all seven cultivated species recognized by Hawkes in 1990 and 155 accessions of 21 wild species close relatives, and Solanum outgroups. Ninety-three alleles were detected in the microsatellite loci, providing 127 haplotypes for all 392 accessions. Twenty-eight of these haplotypes consist of more than one accession per haplotype. Haplotype diversity in cultivated potatoes was highest in Central Andes, lower in northern Andes (Ecuador, Columbia) and significantly lower in Chile and the southern Andes. Neighbor joining results of plastid SSRs are in general in agreement with prior hypothesis and data from nuclear DNA. Plastid DNA markers are very useful to reveal origins of the hybrid cultivated potato species Solanum juzepczukii and Solanum curtilobum, showing maternal and paternal ancestors, with S. acaule supported as the maternal donor in most cases. There was very restricted chloroplast genetic diversity in cultivated species in comparison with wild species. A total of 206 of 237 (88.2%) of the cultivated accessions shared four most frequent haplotypes. There was much greater diversity in the 155 wild species accessions, which consisted of 110 haplotypes, dramatically highlighting decreasing in levels of genetic diversity through domestication.