Technical Abstract: In the semi-arid, subtropical climate of south Texas and northern Mexico, low rainfall limits crop production. By adopting conservation tillage and residue management practices, the farmer can increase water use efficiency of limited rainfall through positive effects of surface residue on water infiltration, water storage and soil water evaporation. Furthermore, through conservation tillage, wind and water erosion are reduced, soil degradation is halted and crop profitability is increased. Long-term beneficial effects of conservation tillage include an increase in soil organic matter and soil health. In this review article, we discuss problems in implementing conservation tillage systems, the benefits of a successful system and how sustainability is promoted.