Technical Abstract: The Department of Defense (DoD) must constantly balance its military mission and its commitment to stewartship on large tracks of federal land. These military training lands are some of the most intensely used land in the United States and training requires that vegetation, primarily grasses, be as resilient as possible. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) plant establishment and (ii) the effect of light to heavy training activity that ranged from zero to four passes on range grasses at the Yakima Training Center, Yakima, WA. Characters measured include percent ground cover and forage yield of the target species, percent bluegrass, bare ground, and cheatgrass encroachment. Mean establishment and persistent rankings after five years at Site A were Siberian wheatgrass>intermediate wheatgrass>crested wheatgrass> bluegrasses>Russian wildrye>western wheatgrass>basin wildrye>Indian ricegrass>bottlebrush. Mean establishment and persistent rankings at Site B were Snake River wheatgrass>bluebunch wheatgrass> thickspike wheatgrass. There was a strong correlation between plant persistence (stand) and ability to recover after training. The largest decline in percent target species was observed between the two and four-pass treatments. After five years, cheatgrass was not able to encroach Snake River wheatgrass, Siberian wheatgrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass plots. Tracking generally reduced the stand of the target species, increased the amount of bare ground, and enhanced the ability of cheatgrass to invade.