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Chad J Penn
National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory
Soil Scientist

Phone: (765) 494-0330
Fax: (765) 494-5948

(Employee information on this page comes from the REE Directory. Please contact your front office staff to update the REE Directory.)

Projects
Assessing Legacy Phosphorus Losses from Fields and Watersheds in the Western Lake Erie Basin
Cooperative Agreement (A)
  Accession Number: 438254
Assessment of Sediment and Chemical Transport Processes for Developing and Improving Agricultural Conservation Practices
In-House Appropriated (D)
  Accession Number: 441760
Improving Understanding of Soil Processes for Making More Informed Agricultural Management Decisions that Increase Agricultural Sustainability in the Central U.S.
In-House Appropriated (D)
  Accession Number: 445338
Contribution of Legacy P to Watershed Outcomes - Phase 1 - NSEU
Interagency Reimbursable Agreement (I)
  Accession Number: 441147
Advancing Knowledge and Prediction of Phosphorus Dynamics in Tile Drained Landscapes
Reimbursable Cooperative Agreement (R)
  Accession Number: 441490

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon Reprint Icon will take you to the publication reprint.)
Characterizing Legacy P and simulating mitigation strategies as part of the USDA Legacy P Project - (Abstract Only)
Nitrogen and phosphorus removal by reactive filter as a tertiary treatment unit for isolated houses with high alkalinity groundwater source Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Tabatabaeefar, A., Penn, C.J., Clauveau-Mallet, D. 2024. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal by reactive filter as a tertiary treatment unit for isolated houses with high alkalinity groundwater source. Journal of Water Process Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105319.
Accumulation of soil phosphorus within closed depressions of a drained agricultural watershed Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mumbi, R., Williams, M.R., Penn, C.J., Camberto, J.J. 2024. Accumulation of soil phosphorus within closed depressions of a drained agricultural watershed. Soil Science Society of America Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20671.
Effects of redox on the phosphorus removal ability of iron-rich phophorus sorption materials Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Scott, I.S., Penn, C.J. 2024. Effects of redox on the phosphorus removal ability of iron-rich phophorus sorption materials. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141416.
New phosphorus losses via tile drainage depend on fertilizer form, placement, and timing Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Osterholz, W.R., Simpson, Z.P., Williams, M.R., Shedekar, V., Penn, C.J., King, K.W. 2024. New phosphorus losses via tile drainage depend on fertilizer form, placement, and timing. Journal of Environmental Quality. 53:241-252. https://DOI.org/10.1002/jeq2.20549.
Soil phosphorus in farmed potholes: assessing concentrations and mitigating export with steel media Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Buseman, A., Soupir, M.L., Kaleita, A.L., Penn, C.J., Charbonnet, J.A. 2023. Soil phosphorus in farmed potholes: assessing concentrations and mitigating export with steel media. Journal of the ASABE. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15759.
Characterizing and quantifying legacy phosphorus impacts within CEAP watersheds - (Abstract Only)
Phosphate removal by low-cost industrial byproduct iron shavings: Efficacy and longevity Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ai, H., Zhang, K., Penn, C.J., Zhang, H. 2023. Phosphate removal by low-cost industrial byproduct iron shavings: Efficacy and longevity. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120745.
Controlling nutrient leaching profile of urea granules through structural modification Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Jange, C., Graef, R.L., Penn, C.J., Wassgren, C., Ambrose, K. 2023. Controlling nutrient leaching profile of urea granules through structural modification. Journal of the ASABE. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15675.
Phosphorous fractions in weathered tropical soils after application of conventional and alternative P fertilizers Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sandim, A., Da Silva, L., Deus, A., Penn, C.J., Bull, L. 2023. Phosphorous fractions in weathered tropical soils after application of conventional and alternative P fertilizers. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01426-w.
Techno-economic analysis of phosphorus removal structures Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Scott, I., Scott, F., Mccarty, T., Penn, C.J. 2023. Techno-economic analysis of phosphorus removal structures. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c02696.
Consequences of 33 years of plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilization on maize growth and soil quality Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ding, F., Li, S., Penn, C.J., Wang, Q., Lin, G., Sardans, J., Penuelas, J., Wang, J., Rillig, M. 2023. Consequences of 33 years of plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilization on maize growth and soil quality. Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08878.
Uncertainty in phosphorus fluxes and budgets across the U.S. long-term agroecosystem research network Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Welikhe, P., Williams, M.R., King, K.W., Bos, J.H., Akland, M., Baffaut, C., Beck, G., Bierer, A.M., Bosch, D.D., Brooks, E., Buda, A.R., Cavigelli, M.A., Faulkner, J., Feyereisen, G.W., Fortuna, A., Gamble, J.D., Hanrahan, B.R., Hussain, M., Kovar, J.L., Lee, B., Leytem, A.B., Liebig, M.A., Line, D., Macrae, M., Moorman, T.B., Moriasi, D.N., Mumbi, R., Nelson, N., Ortega-Pieck, A., Osmond, D., Penn, C.J., Pisani, O., Reba, M.L., Smith, D.R., Unrine, J., Webb, P., White, K.E., Wilson, H., Witthaus, L.M. 2023. Uncertainty in phosphorus fluxes and budgets across the U.S. long-term agroecosystem research network. Journal of Environmental Quality. 52(4):837-885. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20485.
Surface-to-tile drain connectivity and phosphorus transport: Effect of antecedent conditions Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., Penn, C.J., King, K.W., Mcafee, S.J. 2023. Surface-to-tile drain connectivity and phosphorus transport: Effect of antecedent conditions. Hydrological Processes. 37(3). Article e14831. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14831.
How much phosphorus uptake is required for achieving maximum maize grain yield? Part 2: Impact of phosphorus uptake on grain quality and partitioning of nutrients Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Camberato, J., Wiethorn, M. 2023. How much phosphorus uptake is required for achieving maximum maize grain yield? Part 2: Impact of phosphorus uptake on grain quality and partitioning of nutrients. Agronomy Journal. 13(1). Article: 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010258.
How much phosphorus uptake is required for achieving maximum maize grain yield? Part 1: Luxury consumption and implications for yield Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Camberato, J., Wiethorn, M. 2022. How much phosphorus uptake is required for achieving maximum maize grain yield? Part 1: Luxury consumption and implications for yield. Agronomy Journal. 13(1).Article:95. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010095.
Twenty years of conservation effects assessment in the St. Joseph River watershed, Indiana Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., Livingston, S.J., Duriancik, L.F., Flanagan, D.C., Frankenberger, J.R., Gillespie, R.B., Gonzalez, J.M., Huang, C., Penn, C.J., Smith, D.R., Renschler, C.S. 2023. Twenty years of conservation effects assessment in the St. Joseph River watershed, Indiana. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 78(1):12A-19A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2023.1204A.
Dual-isotope approach for assessing agricultural management effects on nutrient dynamics: Proof of concept Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bos, J.H., Williams, M.R., Penn, C.J., Smith, D.R. 2022. Dual-isotope approach for assessing agricultural management effects on nutrient dynamics: Proof of concept. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment. 5:e20306. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20306.
Source and transport controls on nutrient delivery to tile drains Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., Penn, C.J., Mcafee, S.J. 2022. Source and transport controls on nutrient delivery to tile drains. Journal of Hydrology. 612(B).Article 127146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128146.
Reduction of phosphorus using iron slag filters in the Macatawa Watershed (Michigan) Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Steinman, A., Hassett, M., Oudsema, M., Penn, C.J. 2022. Reduction of phosphorus using iron slag filters in the Macatawa Watershed (Michigan). Frontiers in Environmental Science. 10. Article 863137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.863137.
Desorption kinetics of legacy soil phosphorus: Implications for non-point transport and plant uptake Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Williams, M.R., Camberato, J., Wenos, N., Wason, H. 2022. Desorption kinetics of legacy soil phosphorus: Implications for non-point transport and plant uptake. Soil Systems. 6:6. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6010006.
Effectiveness of deep lime placement and tillage systems on aluminum fractions and soil chemical attributes in sugarcane cultivation Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
De Campos, M., Penn, C.J., Gonzalez, J.M., Crusciol, A.C. 2021. Effectiveness of deep lime placement and tillage systems on aluminum fractions and soil chemical attributes in sugarcane cultivation. Geoderma. 407:115545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115545.
A research method for semi-automated large-scale cultivation of maize to full maturity in an artificial environment Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Weithorn, M., Penn, C.J., Camberato, J. 2021. A research method for semi-automated large-scale cultivation of maize to full maturity in an artificial environment. Agronomy Journal. 11(10):1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101898.
Letter to the editor of Chemosphere regarding Yang et al. (2021) and techniques for assessing realistic phosphorus removal in the field Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J. 2021. Letter to the editor of Chemosphere regarding Yang et al. (2021) and techniques for assessing realistic phosphorus removal in the field. Chemosphere. 286:131843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131843.
The past, present, and future of phosphorus removal structures Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J. 2021. The past, present, and future of phosphorus removal structures. Water. 13(6). Article 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060797.
Estimating the variability of steel slag properties and their influence in phosphorus removal ability Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Scott, I.C., Penn, C.J. 2021. Estimating the variability of steel slag properties and their influence in phosphorus removal ability. Chemosphere. 276. Article 130205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130205.
Introduction to P-TRAP software for designing phosphorus removal structures Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Frankenberger, J.R., Livingston, S.J. 2021. Introduction to P-TRAP software for designing phosphorus removal structures. Agricultural and Environmental Letters. 6(1). Article e20043. https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20043.
Less agricultural phosphorus applied in 2019 led to less dissolved phosphorus transported to Lake Erie Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Guo, T., Johnson, L., Lebarge, G., Penn, C.J., Stumpf, R., Baker, D., Shao, G. 2020. Less agricultural phosphorus applied in 2019 led to less dissolved phosphorus transported to Lake Erie. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 55(1):283-291. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03495.
Performance of a ditch-style phosphorus removal structure for treating agricultural drainage water with aluminum-treated steel slag Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Shedekar, V., Penn, C.J., Pease, L., King, K.W., Kalcic, M., Livingston, S.J. 2020. Performance of a ditch-style phosphorus removal structure for treating agricultural drainage water with aluminum-treated steel slag. Water. 12(8). Article 2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082149.
Development of a regeneration technique for aluminum-rich and iron-rich phosphorus sorption materials Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Scott, I., Huang, C. 2020. Development of a regeneration technique for aluminum-rich and iron-rich phosphorus sorption materials. Water. 12(6). Article 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061784.
Utilization of steel slag in blind inlets for dissolved phosphorus removal Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gonzalez, J.M., Penn, C.J., Livingston, S.J. 2020. Utilization of steel slag in blind inlets for dissolved phosphorus removal. Water. 12(6):1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061593.
Using steel slag for dissolved phosphorus removal: Insights from a designed flow-through laboratory experimental structure Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wang, L., Penn, C.J., Huang, C., Livingston, S.J., Yan, J. 2020. Using steel slag for dissolved phosphorus removal: Insights from a designed flow-through laboratory experimental structure. Water. 12(5). Article 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051236.
Atrazine removal from water by activated charcoal cloths Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gonzalez, J.M., Murphy, L.R., Penn, C.J., Boddu, V.M., Sanders, L.L. 2020. Atrazine removal from water by activated charcoal cloths. International Soil and Water Conservation Research. 8(2):205-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.03.002.
Performance of field-scale phosphorus removal structures utilizing steel slag for treatment of subsurface drainage Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Livingston, S.J., Shedkar, V., King, K.W., Williams, M.R. 2020. Performance of field-scale phosphorus removal structures utilizing steel slag for treatment of subsurface drainage. Water. 12(2). Article 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020443.
The past, present, and future of blind inlets as a surface water best management practice Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Gonzalez, J.M., Williams, M.R., Smith, D.R., Livingston, S.J. 2019. The past, present, and future of blind inlets as a surface water best management practice. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science Technology. 50(7):743-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1642836.
A critical review on soil chemical processes that control how soil pH affects phosphorus availability to plants Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Camberato, J.J. 2019. A critical review on soil chemical processes that control how soil pH affects phosphorus availability to plants. Agriculture. 9(6):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060120.
Hydrologic assessment of blind inlet performance in a drained closed depression Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., Livingston, S.J., Penn, C.J., Gonzalez, J.M. 2020. Hydrologic assessment of blind inlet performance in a drained closed depression. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 75(3):352-361. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.75.3.352.
CEAP in the Cedar Creek watershed - (Other)
Williams, M.R., Livingston, S.J., Penn, C.J. 2018. CEAP in the Cedar Creek watershed. Laboratory Publication. 1(2):1-2.
A discussion on Mehlich-3 phosphorus extraction from the perspective of governing chemical reactions and phases: Impact of soil pH Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Rutter, E.B., Arnall, D.B., Camberato, J., Williams, M.R., Watkins, P. 2018. A discussion on Mehlich-3 phosphorus extraction from the perspective of governing chemical reactions and phases: Impact of soil pH. Agriculture. 8(7):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070106.
Investigation of atrazine sorption to biochar with titration calorimetry and flow-through analysis: Implications for design of pollution-control structures Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Gonzalez, J.M., Chagas, I. 2018. Investigation of atrazine sorption to biochar with titration calorimetry and flow-through analysis: Implications for design of pollution-control structures. Frontiers in Chemistry. 6:307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00307.
Integrating temporal inequality into conservation planning to improve practice design and efficacy Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., King, K.W., Penn, C.J. 2018. Integrating temporal inequality into conservation planning to improve practice design and efficacy. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 54(5):1029-1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12662.
Mechanisms of phosphorus removal by phosphorus sorbing materials Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zixuan, Q., Shober, A.L., Scheckel, K.G., Penn, C.J., Turner, K.C. 2018. Mechanisms of phosphorus removal by phosphorus sorbing materials. Journal of Environmental Quality. 47:1232-1241. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.02.0064.
Controls of event-based nutrient transport within nested headwater agricultural watersheds of the western Lake Erie basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., Livingston, S.J., Penn, C.J., Smith, D.R., King, K.W., Huang, C. 2018. Controls of event-based nutrient transport within nested headwater agricultural watersheds of the western Lake Erie basin. Journal of Hydrology. 559:749-761.
Total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation and BTEX leaching in soils after application of oil-base drilling mud: Impact of application rate, rainfall regime, and time Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Whitaker, A.H., Penn, C.J. 2018. Total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation and BTEX leaching in soils after application of oil-base drilling mud: Impact of application rate, rainfall regime, and time. Modern Approaches in Oceanography and Petrochemical Sciences. 1(2):1-13. https://doi.org/10.32474/MAOPS.2018.01.000107.
Fertilizer placement and tillage effects on phosphorus leaching in fine-textured soils - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Williams, M.R., King, K.W., Duncan, E.W., Pease, L.A., Penn, C.J. 2018. Fertilizer placement and tillage effects on phosphorus leaching in fine-textured soils. Soil and Tillage Research. 178:130-138.
Assessment of phosphorus availability in soil cultivated with ruzigrass - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Almeida, D.S., Penn, C.J., Roselem, C.A. 2018. Assessment of phosphorus availability in soil cultivated with ruzigrass. Geoderma. 312:64-73.
Phosphorus retention by fly-ash amended filter media in aged bioretention cells Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kandel, S., Vogel, J., Penn, C.J., Brown, G. 2017. Phosphorus retention by fly-ash amended filter media in aged bioretention cells. Water. 9:746. doi:10.3390/w9100746.
A review of phosphorus removal structures: How to assess and compare their performance - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Chagas, I., Klimeski, A., Lyngsie, G. 2017. A review of phosphorus removal structures: How to assess and compare their performance. Water. 9(8):583.
Denitrifying woodchip bioreactor and phosphorus filter pairing to minimize pollution swapping - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Christianson, L.E., Lepine, C., Sibrell, P.L., Penn, C.J., Summerfelt, S.T. 2017. Denitrifying woodchip bioreactor and phosphorus filter pairing to minimize pollution swapping. Water Research. 121:129-139.
Lime and phosphogypsum impacts on soil organic matter pools in a tropical Oxisol under long-term no-till conditions - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Carmeis Filho, A., Penn, C.J., Crusciol, C., Calonego, J.C. 2017. Lime and phosphogypsum impacts on soil organic matter pools in a tropical Oxisol under long-term no-till conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 241:11-23.
Impact of macropores and gravel outcrops on phosphorus leaching at the plot scale in silt loam soils - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Heeren, D.J., Fox, G., Penn, C.J., Halihan, T., Storm, D.E., Haggard, B.E. 2017. Impact of macropores and gravel outcrops on phosphorus leaching at the plot scale in silt loam soils. Transactions of the ASABE. 60(3):823-835.
An important tool with no instruction manual: A review of gypsum use in agriculture - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Zoca, S.M. 2017. An important tool with no instruction manual: A review of gypsum use in agriculture. Advances in Agronomy. 144:1-44.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium applied individually or as a slow release or controlled release fertilizer increase growth - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Cole, J.C., Smith, M.W., Penn, C.J., Cheary, B.S., Conaghan, K.J. 2016. Nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium applied individually or as a slow release or controlled release fertilizer increase growth. Scientia Horticulturae. 211:420-430.
Streambanks: A net source of sediment and phosphorus to streams and rivers - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fox, G.A., Purvis, R.A., Penn, C.J. 2016. Streambanks: A net source of sediment and phosphorus to streams and rivers. Journal of Environmental Management. 181:602-614.
Design and construction of phosphorus removal structures for improving water quality - (Book / Chapter)
Penn, C.J., Bowen, J.M. 2017. Design and construction of phosphorus removal structures for improving water quality. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. 228 p.
APPLICATION OF PHOSPHORUS SORBING MATERIALS TO STREAMSIDE CATTLE LOAFING AREAS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Bryant, R.B. 2006. Application of phosphorus sorbing materials to cattle loafing areas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 61:303-310.
INCUBATION OF DRIED AND SIEVED SOILS CAN INDUCE PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATES - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Penn, C.J., Bryant, R.B. 2006. Incubation of Dried and Sieved Soils Can Induce Calcium Phosphate Precipitation/Adsorption. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 37:1437-1449.
EFFICACY OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE RESIDUALS IN DECREASING PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF - (Abstract Only)
Callahan, M.P., Bryant, R.B., Penn, C.J. 2005. Efficacy of acid mine drainage residuals in decreasing phosphorus concentrations in runoff [abstract]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meetings Abstracts. Phosphorus Chemistry in Soils: II. P Fluxes in Soil and Water Systems. Paper No. 7.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE RESIDUALS IN REDUCING PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS - (Abstract Only)
Penn, C.J., Bryant, R.B., Callahan, M.P. 2005. Effectiveness of acid mine drainage residuals in reducing phosphorus concentrations in runoff from agricultural soils [abstract]. Mine Waste Water Technology Conference. p. 1.
PHOSPHORUS SORPTION MECHANISMS IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT RESIDUALS AND INDUSTRIAL BYPRODUCTS - (Abstract Only)
Penn, C.J., Bryant, R.B., Callahan, M.P. 2005. Phosphorus sorption mechanisms in acid mine drainage treatment residuals and industrial byproducts [abstract]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting AbstractsAbstracts. Phosphorus Chemistry in Soils: I. P Availability. Paper No. 4.
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