Research Project: Restoration and Conservation of Great Basin Ecosystems

Location: Range and Meadow Forage Management Research

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Post-fire seeding of native compared to introduced bunchgrasses followed 3 years later with invasive annual grass control - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

The carbon security index: A novel approach to assessing how secure carbon is in sagebrush ecosystems within the Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
O'Connor, R.C., Boyd, C.S., Naugle, D.E., Smith, J.T. 2024. The carbon security index: A novel approach to assessing how secure carbon is in sagebrush ecosystems within the Great Basin. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 97:169-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2024.08.005.

Post-fire management decisions have consequences: Drill-seeding disturbance and effects of co-seeding introduced with native bunchgrasses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Svejcar, L.N., Martyn, T.E., Bates, J.D. 2024. Post-fire management decisions have consequences: Drill-seeding disturbance and effects of co-seeding introduced with native bunchgrasses. Global Ecology and Conservation. 53. Article e03021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03021.

Activated carbon seed technology protects seedlings from two pre-emergent herbicides applied in tandem - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Svejcar, L.N., Clenet, D.R., Guetling, C.H., Davies, K.W. 2024. Activated carbon seed technology protects seedlings from two pre-emergent herbicides applied in tandem. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 96:67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2024.05.006.

Dryland restoration needs suggest a role for introduced plants - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Johnson, D.D. 2024. Dryland restoration needs suggest a role for introduced plants. Global Ecology and Conservation. 53. Article e03005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03005.

Linking climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation to on-the-ground management: a synthesis of adaptation opportunities on Northwest USA rangelands - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Evaluation of blood markers of stress in beef cows during exposure to virtual fence stimuli - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Repeated clearing as a mechanism for savanna recovery following bush encroachment - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wedel, E.R., Nippert, J.B., O'Connor, R.C., Nkuna, P., Swemmer, A.M. 2024. Repeated clearing as a mechanism for savanna recovery following bush encroachment. Journal of Applied Ecology. 61(7):1520-1530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14666.

Photosynthetic resilience of Elymus elymoides and Pseudoroegneria spicata seedlings following acute water stress - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
O'Connor, R.C., Fox, V.G., Hamerlynck, E.P. 2024. Photosynthetic resilience of Elymus elymoides and Pseudoroegneria spicata seedlings following acute water stress. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 94:195-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2024.03.012.

Ecological benefits of strategically applied livestock grazing in sagebrush communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Bates, J.D., Svejcar, L.N., Porensky, L.M. 2024. Ecological benefits of strategically applied livestock grazing in sagebrush communities. Ecosphere. 15(5). Article e4859. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4859.

Sagebrush ecosystems are more than Artemisia: The complex issue of degraded understories in the Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S. 2024. Sagebrush ecosystems are more than Artemisia: The complex issue of degraded understories in the Great Basin. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 94:184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2024.03.007.

What’s in a name? Standardizing terminology for the enhancement of research, extension, and industry applications of virtual fence use on grazing livestock - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ehlert, K., Brennan, J., Beard, J., Reuter, R., Menendez, H., Vandermark, L., Stephenson, M., Hoag, D., Meiman, P., O'Connor, R.C., Noelle, S. 2024. What’s in a name? Standardizing terminology for the enhancement of research, extension, and industry applications of virtual fence use on grazing livestock. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 94:199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2024.03.004.

First record of Tricolored Blackbirds in Idaho - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Olsoy, P.J., Sorenson, K.J. 2024. First record of Tricolored Blackbirds in Idaho. Western Birds. 55(1):43-50. https://doi.org/10.21199/WB55.1.3.

Evaluating different rates of activated carbon in commercially produced seed coatings in laboratory and field trials - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Baughman, O., Rios, R.C., Duquette, C., Boyd, C.S., Riginos, C., Eshleman, M., Kildisheva, O. 2024. Evaluating different rates of activated carbon in commercially produced seed coatings in laboratory and field trials. Restoration Ecology. Article e14132. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14132.

A brief history of sagebrush management in the Great Basin: From removal to reduction and beyond - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Harris, T., Johnson, D.D., O'Connor, R.C. 2024. A brief history of sagebrush management in the Great Basin: From removal to reduction and beyond. Rangelands. 46(3):63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2024.01.002.

Evaluating performance of three types of carbon seed coatings on seedling development - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Duquette, C., Rios, R.C., Baughman, O., Kildisheva, O., Cahill, M., Boyd, C.S. 2024. Evaluating performance of three types of carbon seed coatings on seedling development. Restoration Ecology. Article e14118. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14118.

Demography with drones: Detecting growth and survival of shrubs with unoccupied aerial systems - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Olsoy, P.J., Zaiats, A., Delparte, D.M., Germino, M.J., Richardson, B.A., Roser, A.V., Forbey, J.S., Cattau, M.E., Caughlin, T.T. 2024. Demography with drones: Detecting growth and survival of shrubs with unoccupied aerial systems. Restoration Ecology. 32(4). Article e14106. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14106.

Spring-applied treatments offer another window of opportunity for revegetation of annual grass-invaded rangelands - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Schroeder, V.M., Johnson, D.D., Svejcar, L.N., Clenet, D.R. 2024. Spring-applied treatments offer another window of opportunity for revegetation of annual grass-invaded rangelands. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 93:104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2024.01.002.

Establishing a precision restoration approach using novel technologies across a heterogeneous landscape - (Abstract Only)
Svejcar, L.N., Davies, K.W. 2024. Establishing a precision restoration approach using novel technologies across a heterogeneous landscape [abstract]. Society for Range Management. 96.

Facilitating comparable research in seedling functional ecology - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Winkler, D.E., Garbowski, M., Kozic, K., Ladouceur, E., Larson, J.J., Martin, S., Rosche, C., Roscher, C., Slate, M.L., Korell, L. 2024. Facilitating comparable research in seedling functional ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 15(3):464-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14288.

Weak effects of a soil contrast on Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) transplant survival in a northern Great Basin case study suggest importance of microsite selection and non-soil factors - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M. 2024. Weak effects of a soil contrast on Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) transplant survival in a northern Great Basin case study suggest importance of microsite selection and non-soil factors. Rangelands. 46(3):88-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2023.12.003.

Drought response in herbaceous plants: A test of the integrated framework of plant form and function - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Funk, J.L., Larson, J.J., Blair, M.D., Nguyen, M.A., Rivera, B.J. 2024. Drought response in herbaceous plants: A test of the integrated framework of plant form and function. Functional Ecology. 38(3):679-691. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14495.

Cross-scale analysis reveals interacting predictors of annual and perennial cover in Northern Great Basin rangelands - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Case, M.F., Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Aoyama, L., Merson, J., Penkauskas, C., Hallet, L.M. 2024. Cross-scale analysis reveals interacting predictors of annual and perennial cover in Northern Great Basin rangelands. Ecological Applications. 34(4). Article e2953. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2953.

Weather effects on herbaceous yields: Wyoming big sagebrush steppe, southeastern Oregon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bates, J.D., Copeland, S.M., Hardegree, S.P., Moffet, C., Davies, K.W. 2024. Weather effects on herbaceous yields: Wyoming big sagebrush steppe, southeastern Oregon. Western North American Naturalist. 84(1):89-106. https://doi.org/10.3398/064.084.0108.

Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smith, M.D., Wilkins, K.D., Holdrege, M.C., Wilfahrt, P., Collins, S.L., Knapp, A.K., Sala, O.E., Dukes, J.S., Phillips, R.P., Yahdjian, L., Gherardi, L.A., Ohlert, T., Beier, C., Fraser, L.H., Jentsch, A., Loik, M.E., Maestre, F.T., Power, S.A., Yu, Q., Felton, A.J., Larson, J.J., O'Connor, R.C., Zuo, X., et al. 2024. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). 121(4). Article e2309881120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2309881120.

Long-term effects of revegetation efforts in annual grass-invaded rangeland - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Svejcar, L.N., Clenet, D.R. 2023. Long-term effects of revegetation efforts in annual grass-invaded rangeland. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 92:59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.10.001.

Fire needs annual grasses more than annual grasses need fire - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smith, J.T., Allred, B.W., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Kleinhesselink, A.R., Morford, S.L., Naugle, D.E. 2023. Fire needs annual grasses more than annual grasses need fire. Biological Conservation. 286. Article 110299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110299.

Wyoming big sagebrush transplant survival and growth affected by age, season of planting, and competition - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Holfus, C.M., Boyd, C.S., Rios, R.C., Davies, K.W., Copeland, S.M., Mata-Gonzalez, R. 2023. Wyoming big sagebrush transplant survival and growth affected by age, season of planting, and competition. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 92:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.09.005.

Biocrusts indicators of livestock grazing effects on soil stability in sagebrush steppe: A case study from a long-term experiment in the northern Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Condon, L., Rosentreter, R., Miller, J., Kahn-Abrams, M. 2023. Biocrusts indicators of livestock grazing effects on soil stability in sagebrush steppe: A case study from a long-term experiment in the northern Great Basin. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 91:82-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.09.001.

Sage-grouse - (Book / Chapter)
Beck, J.L., Christiansen, T.J., Davies, K.W., Dinkins, J.B., Monroe, A.P., Naugle, D.E., Schroeder, M.A. 2023. Sage-grouse. In: McNew, L.B., Dahlgren, D.K., Beck, J.L., editors. Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. New York, NY: Springer, Cham. p. 295-338. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_10.

Testing the hierarchy of predictability in grassland restoration across a gradient of environmental severity - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bertuol-Garcia, D., Ladouceur, E., Brudvig, L.A., Laughlin, D.C., Munson, S.M., Curran, M.F., Davies, K.W., Svejcar, L.N., Shackelford, N. 2023. Testing the hierarchy of predictability in grassland restoration across a gradient of environmental severity. Ecological Applications. 33(8). Article e2922. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2922.

Grazing intensity effects on herbaceous community composition in burned sagebrush-steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bates, J.D., Davies, K.W. 2023. Grazing intensity effects on herbaceous community composition in burned sagebrush-steppe. Ecosphere. 14(10). Article e4671. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4671.

SeedArc, a global archive of primary seed germination data - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fernández-Pascual, E., Carta, A., Rosbakh, S., Guja, L., Phartyal, S.S., Silveira, F.A., Chen, S., Larson, J.J., Jiménez-Alfaro, B. 2023. SeedArc, a global archive of primary seed germination data. New Phytologist. 240(2):466-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19143.

Influence of directional side of sagebrush canopies and interspaces on microhabitats - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Copeland, S.M., Clenet, D.R., Svejcar, L.N., Bates, J.D. 2023. Influence of directional side of sagebrush canopies and interspaces on microhabitats. Basic and Applied Ecology. 72:16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2023.06.004.

A recruitment niche framework for improving seed-based restoration - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Larson, J.E., Agneray, A.C., Boyd, C.S., Bradford, J.B., Kildisheva, O.A., Suding, K.N., Copeland, S.M. 2023. A recruitment niche framework for improving seed-based restoration. Restoration Ecology. Article e13959. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13959.

Ecological restoration in the age of apocalypse - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Svejcar, L.N., Davies, K.W., Ritchie, A.L. 2023. Ecological restoration in the age of apocalypse. Global Change Biology. 29(17):4706-4710. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16809.

Post-fire recovery of native and introduced plant species across an elevation gradient in the sagebrush steppe - (Abstract Only)
Svejcar, L.N., Hulet, A., Davies, K.W. 2023. Post-fire recovery of native and introduced plant species across an elevation gradient in the sagebrush steppe [abstract]. Ecological Society of America. Poster No. PS 3-34.

Managing medusahead using dormant season grazing in the northern Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Price, W.J., Hulet, A., Jensen, K.S., Strand, E.K., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Johnson, D.D., Perryman, B.L., Di, Y., Arispe, S.A. 2023. Managing medusahead using dormant season grazing in the northern Great Basin. Rangeland and Ecology Management. 90:146-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.04.006.

Can delaying germination reduce barriers to successful emergence for early-germinating, fall-sown native bunchgrass seeds in cold deserts? - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Assessment of multiple herbicide protection seed treatments for seed-based restoration of native perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush across multiple sites and years - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Baughman, O., Eshleman, M., Griffen, J., Rios, R.C., Boyd, C.S., Kildisheva, O., Olsen, A., Cahill, M., Kerby, J.D., Riginos, C. 2023. Assessment of multiple herbicide protection seed treatments for seed-based restoration of native perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush across multiple sites and years. PLOS ONE. 18(3). Article e0283678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283678.

Is crested wheatgrass invasive in sagebrush steppe with intact understories in the Great Basin? - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S. 2023. Is crested wheatgrass invasive in sagebrush steppe with intact understories in the Great Basin? Rangeland Ecology and Management. 90:322-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.03.004.

Variable effects of long-term livestock grazing across the western United States suggest diverse approaches are needed to meet global change challenges - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Hoover, D.L., Augustine, D.J., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Derner, J.D., Duniway, M.C., Porensky, L.M., Vermeire, L.T. 2023. Variable effects of long-term livestock grazing across the western United States suggest diverse approaches are needed to meet global change challenges. Applied Vegetation Science. 26(1). Article e12719. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12719.

Trends, impacts, and cost of catastrophic and frequent wildfires in the sagebrush biome - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Crist, M.R., Belger, R., Davies, K.W., Davis, D.M., Meldrum, J.R., Shinneman, D.J., Remington, T.E., Welty, J., Mayer, K.E. 2023. Trends, impacts, and cost of catastrophic and frequent wildfires in the sagebrush biome. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.03.003.

Effects of using indaziflam and activated carbon seed technology in efforts to increase perennials in Ventenata dubia-invaded rangelands - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Baughman, O.W., Clenet, D.R. 2023. Effects of using indaziflam and activated carbon seed technology in efforts to increase perennials in Ventenata dubia-invaded rangelands. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 88:70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2023.02.007.

Native lagomorphs prolong legacy effects limiting restoration of imperiled shrub-steppe communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Svejcar, L.N. 2023. Native lagomorphs prolong legacy effects limiting restoration of imperiled shrub-steppe communities. Restoration Ecology. 31(4). Article e13882. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13882.

Functional traits are used in restoration practice: A response to Merchant et al. (2022) - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gornish, E.S., Campbell, C., Svejcar, L.N., Munson, S.M., Vaughn, K., Spaeth, M.K., Yelenik, S.G., Wolf, A., Mitchell, R. 2023. Functional traits are used in restoration practice: A response to Merchant et al. (2022). Restoration Ecology. Article e13880. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13880.

Elevated CO2 counteracts effects of water stress on woody rangeland-encroaching species - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
O'Connor, R.C., Blumenthal, D.M., Ocheltree, T.W., Nippert, J.B. 2022. Elevated CO2 counteracts effects of water stress on woody rangeland-encroaching species. Tree Physiology. Article tpac150. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpac150.

Effects of annual weather variation on peak herbaceous yield date in sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bates, J.D., Johnson, D., Davies, K.W., Svejcar, T., Hardegree, S.P. 2023. Effects of annual weather variation on peak herbaceous yield date in sagebrush steppe. Western North American Naturalist. 83(2):220-231. https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0207.

Estimates of fine fuel litter biomass in the northern Great Basin reveal increases during short fire-free intervals associated with invasive annual grasses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fernandez-Guisuraga, J.M., Calvo, L., Fernandes, P.M., Hulet, A., Perryman, B., Schultz, B., Jensen, K.S., Enterkine, J., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Johnson, D.D., Wollstein, K., Price, W.J., Arispe, S.A. 2022. Estimates of fine fuel litter biomass in the northern Great Basin reveal increases during short fire-free intervals associated with invasive annual grasses. Science of the Total Environment. 860. Article 160634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160634.

Using plant physiology to determine drought resistance and resilience in rangeland bunchgrasses - (Abstract Only)
O'Connor, R.C., Hamerlynck, E.P. 2022. Using plant physiology to determine drought resistance and resilience in rangeland bunchgrasses [abstract]. Society for Range Management. Paper No. 813736.

Effects of a decade of grazing exclusion on three Wyoming big sagebrush community types - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Thomas, T.W., Davies, K.W., Mata-Gonzales, R., Svejcar, L.N., Clenet, D.R. 2022. Effects of a decade of grazing exclusion on three Wyoming big sagebrush community types. Global Ecology and Conservation. 40. Article e02338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02338.

Growing the state endemic, Oregon semaphoregrass (Pleuropogon oregonus): Focus on a successful propagation and introduction program on Burns Paiute Tribal lands - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Crouch, C.G., Palmer, B.J., Hamerlynck, E.P., Ziegenhagen, L.L., Brown, J. 2023. Growing the state endemic, Oregon semaphoregrass (Pleuropogon oregonus): Focus on a successful propagation and introduction program on Burns Paiute Tribal lands. Native Plants Journal. 24(1):62-71. https://doi.org/10.3368/npj.24.1.62.

Changes in invertebrate food web structure between high- and low-productivity environments are driven by intermediate but not top-predator diet shifts - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Miller-ter Kuile, A., Apigo, A., Bui, A., Butner, K., Childress, J.N., Copeland, S., DiFiore, B.P., Forbes, E.S., Klope, M., Motta, C.I., Orr, D.A., Plummer, K.A., Preston, D.L., Young, H.S. 2022. Changes in invertebrate food web structure between high- and low-productivity environments are driven by intermediate but not top-predator diet shifts. Biology Letters. 18(10). Article 20220364. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0364.

Influence of weather on production dynamics in Wyoming big sagebrush steppe across plant associations - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Davies, K.W., Hardegree, S.P., Moffet, C., Bates, J.D. 2022. Influence of weather on production dynamics in Wyoming big sagebrush steppe across plant associations. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 85:48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.09.002.

A sagebrush conservation design to proactively restore America’s sagebrush biome - (Government Publication)
Doherty, K., Theobald, D.M., Bradford, J.B., Wiechman, L.A., Bedrosian, G., Boyd, C.S., Cahill, M., Coates, P.S., Creutzburg, M.K., Crist, M.R., Finn, S.P., Kumar, A.V., Littlefield, C.E., Maestas, J.D., Prentice, K.L., Prochazka, B.G., Remington, T.E., Sparklin, W.D., Tull, J.C., Wurtzeback, Z., Zeller, K.A. 2022. A sagebrush conservation design to proactively restore America’s sagebrush biome. United States Geological Survey Technical Report. ofr20221081. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20221081.

Grazing intensity effects on fire ignition risk and spread in sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Orr, D.A., Bates, J.D., Davies, K.W. 2022. Grazing intensity effects on fire ignition risk and spread in sagebrush steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.08.004.

Using dynamic, fuels-based fire probability maps to reduce large wildfires in the Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Maestas, J.D., Smith, J.T., Allred, B.W., Naugle, D.E., Jones, M.O., O'Connor, C., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Crist, M.R., Olsen, A.C. 2022. Using dynamic, fuels-based fire probability maps to reduce large wildfires in the Great Basin . Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.08.002.

Reducing exotic annual grass competition did not improve shrub restoration success during a drought - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Svejcar, L.N. 2022. Reducing exotic annual grass competition did not improve shrub restoration success during a drought. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 85:9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.08.001.

Using virtual fencing to create fuel breaks in the sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Boyd, C.S., O'Connor, R.C., Ranches, J., Bohnert, D.W., Bates, J.D., Johnson, D.D., Davies, K.W., Parker, T., Doherty, K.E. 2022. Using virtual fencing to create fuel breaks in the sagebrush steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.07.006.

Where there’s smoke, there’s fuel: Dynamic vegetation data improve predictions of wildfire hazard in the Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smith, J.T., Allred, B.W., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Jones, M.O., Kleinhesselink, A.R., Maestas, J.D., Naugle, D.E. 2022. Where there’s smoke, there’s fuel: Dynamic vegetation data improve predictions of wildfire hazard in the Great Basin. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.07.005.

Grazing effects on fuels vary by community state in Wyoming big sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Thomas, T.W., Davies, K.W. 2022. Grazing effects on fuels vary by community state in Wyoming big sagebrush steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:42-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.07.004.

Perth’s globally unique Banksia Woodlands, a threatened ecological community in review - (Popular Publication)
Svejcar, L.N., Ritchie, A.L. 2022. Perth’s globally unique Banksia Woodlands, a threatened ecological community in review. Australian Flora Foundation Newsletter. 36.

Plant recruitment in drylands varies by site, year, and seeding technique - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Svejcar, L.N., Kerby, J.D., Svejcar, T.J., Mackey, B.E., Boyd, C.S., Baughman, O.W., Madsen, M.D., Davies, K.W. 2022. Plant recruitment in drylands varies by site, year, and seeding technique. Restoration Ecology. 31(2). Article e13750. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13750.

Diversity, distance and density impact seedling fitness - (Abstract Only)

Frequent and catastrophic wildfires in Great Basin rangelands: Time for a proactive management approach - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Johnson, D.D., Smith, J. 2022. Frequent and catastrophic wildfires in Great Basin rangelands: Time for a proactive management approach. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.05.001.

Management and environmental factors associated with simulated restoration seeding barriers in sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Bradford, J.B., Hardegree, S.P., Schlaepfer, D.R., Badik, K.J. 2022. Management and environmental factors associated with simulated restoration seeding barriers in sagebrush steppe. Restoration Ecology. Article e13722. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13722.

Using postfire spatial variability to improve restoration success with seeded bitterbrush - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S., Svejcar, L.N. 2022. Using postfire spatial variability to improve restoration success with seeded bitterbrush. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 83:117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.04.002.

Grazing effects on shrub-induced resource islands and herbaceous vegetation heterogeneity in sagebrush-steppe communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Copeland, S.M., Bates, J.D. 2022. Grazing effects on shrub-induced resource islands and herbaceous vegetation heterogeneity in sagebrush-steppe communities. Global Ecology and Conservation. 35. Article e02106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02106.

What does it take to restore mesic grasslands from woody encroachment? - (Abstract Only)
O'Connor, R.C., Wedel, E., Nippert, J.B., Wilcox, K., Komatsu, K., Avolio, M. 2022. What does it take to restore mesic grasslands from woody encroachment? [abstract]. Ecological Society of America. Paper No. 1149082.

Manipulation of rangeland wildlife habitat - (Book / Chapter)
Pyke, D.A., Boyd, C.S. 2023. Manipulation of rangeland wildlife habitat. Book Chapter. p. 107-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_5.

Strategic supplementation to manage fine fuels in a cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)–invaded system - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Stephenson, M.B., Perryman, B.L., Boyd, C.S., Schultz, B.W., Svejcar, T., Davies, K.W. 2022. Strategic supplementation to manage fine fuels in a cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)–invaded system. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 89:61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.02.012.

What is driving the proliferation of exotic annual grasses in sagebrush communities? Comparing fire with off-season grazing - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Bates, J.D., Hallett, L.M., Case, M.F., Svejcar, L.N. 2022. What is driving the proliferation of exotic annual grasses in sagebrush communities? Comparing fire with off-season grazing. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 82:76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.02.009.

Managing for resilient sagebrush plant communities in the modern era: We’re not in 1850 anymore - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Boyd, C.S. 2022. Managing for resilient sagebrush plant communities in the modern era: We’re not in 1850 anymore. Rangelands. 44(3):167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2022.02.002.

Moderate grazing during the off-season (fall-winter) reduces exotic annual grasses in sagebrush-bunchgrass steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Copeland, S.M., Bates, J.D. 2022. Moderate grazing during the off-season (fall-winter) reduces exotic annual grasses in sagebrush-bunchgrass steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 82:51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.02.003.

Grazing management to reduce wildfire risk in invasive annual grass prone sagebrush communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Wollstein, K., Dragt, B., O'Connor, C. 2022. Grazing management to reduce wildfire risk in invasive annual grass prone sagebrush communities. Rangelands. 44(3):194-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2022.02.001.

Off-season grazing reduces exotic annual grasses and increases a native bunchgrass - (Trade Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Copeland, S.M., Bates, J.D. 2022. Off-season grazing reduces exotic annual grasses and increases a native bunchgrass. Oregon Cattleman. 6(3):30-33.

Managing invasive annual grasses, annually: A case for more case studies - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Schroeder, V.M., Johnson, D.D., O'Connor, R.C., Crouch, C., Dragt, W.J., Quicke, H.E., Silva, L., Wood, D.J. 2022. Managing invasive annual grasses, annually: A case for more case studies. Rangelands. 44(3):210-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2022.01.002.

Virtual fencing effectively excludes cattle from burned sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Boyd, C.S., O'Connor, R.C., Ranches, J., Bohnert, D.W., Bates, J.D., Johnson, D.D., Davies, K.W., Parker, T., Doherty, K.E. 2022. Virtual fencing effectively excludes cattle from burned sagebrush steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 81:55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2022.01.001.

Restoring bunchgrasses in the sagebrush steppe using activated carbon seed enhancement technologies - (Trade Journal)
Svejcar, L.N., Svejcar, T., Davies, K.W. 2022. Restoring bunchgrasses in the sagebrush steppe using activated carbon seed enhancement technologies. Oregon Cattleman. 6(2):52-57.

Ratcheting up resilience in the northern Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Johnson, D., Boyd, C.S., O'Connor, R.C., Smith, D. 2022. Ratcheting up resilience in the northern Great Basin. Rangelands. 44(3):200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2021.12.009.

A new perspective and approach to ecosystem restoration: a seed enhancement technology guide and case study - (Abstract Only)
Svejcar, L.N., Brown, V.S., Ritchie, A.L., Davies, K.W., Svejcar, T.J. 2022. A new perspective and approach to ecosystem restoration: a seed enhancement technology guide and case study [abstract]. Society for Range Management Meeting.

A new perspective and approach to ecosystem restoration: a seed enhancement technology guide and case study - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Svejcar, L.N., Brown, V., Ritchie, A., Davies, K.W., Svejcar, T.J. 2021. A new perspective and approach to ecosystem restoration: a seed enhancement technology guide and case study. Restoration Ecology. 30(7). Article e13615. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13615.

Plant community data from a statewide survey of paired serpentine and non-serpentine soils in California, USA - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Miller, J.E., Copeland, S.M., Davies, K., Anacker, B., Safford, H., Harrison, S. 2022. Plant community data from a statewide survey of paired serpentine and non-serpentine soils in California, USA. Ecology. 103(6). Article e3644. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3644.

The elevational ascent and spread of exotic annual grass dominance in the Great Basin, USA - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smith, J.T., Allred, B.W., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Jones, M.O., Kleinhesselink, A.R., Maestas, J.D., Morford, S.L., Naugle, D.E. 2021. The elevational ascent and spread of exotic annual grass dominance in the Great Basin, USA. Diversity and Distributions. 28(1):83-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13440.

Stomatal conductance relates to sagebrush transplant survival across planting season and size-class - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Hamerlynck, E.P., Holfus, C., Campbell, E., Boyd, C.S. 2021. Stomatal conductance relates to sagebrush transplant survival across planting season and size-class. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 80:26-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.09.008.

Effects of virtual fence monitored by global positioning system on beef cattle behavior - (Proceedings)
Ranches, J., O'Connor, R.C., Johnson, D., Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S., Bohnert, D.W., Parker, T. 2021. Effects of virtual fence monitored by global positioning system on beef cattle behavior. Translational Animal Science. 5(S1):S144-S148. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab161.

Early succession following prescribed fire in low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula var. arbuscula) steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bates, J.D., Davies, K.W. 2022. Early succession following prescribed fire in low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula var. arbuscula) steppe. Western North American Naturalist. 82(1):50-66. https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0105.

Poor relationships between NEON Airborne Observation Platform data and field-based vegetation traits at a mesic grassland - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Pau, S., Nippert, J.B., Slapikas, R., Griffith, D., Bachle, S., Helliker, B.R., O'Connor, R.C., Riley, W.J., Still, C.J., Zaricor, M. 2021. Poor relationships between NEON Airborne Observation Platform data and field-based vegetation traits at a mesic grassland. Ecology. 103(2). Article e03590. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3590.

Dormant-season moderate grazing prefire maintains diversity and reduces exotic annual grass response postfire in imperiled Artemisia steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S., O'Connor, R.C., Copeland, S.M. 2021. Dormant-season moderate grazing prefire maintains diversity and reduces exotic annual grass response postfire in imperiled Artemisia steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 79:91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.08.002.

Drivers of seedling establishment success in dryland restoration efforts - (Other)
Shackelford, N., Svejcar, L.N., Winkler, D.E. 2021. Drivers of seedling establishment success in dryland restoration efforts. Nature Ecology and Evolution. https://go.nature.com/3BAeDkM.

Spatio-temporal differences in leaf physiology are associated with fire, not drought, in a clonally integrated shrub - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wedel, E.R., O'Keefe, K., Nippert, J.B., Hoch, B., O'Connor, R.C. 2021. Spatio-temporal differences in leaf physiology are associated with fire, not drought, in a clonally integrated shrub. AoB Plants. 13(4). Article plab037. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plab037.

Is a prescribed fire sufficient to slow the spread of woody plants in an infrequently burned grassland? A case study in tallgrass prairie - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Nippert, J.B., Telleria, L., Blackmore, P., Taylor, J.H., O'Connor, R.C. 2021. Is a prescribed fire sufficient to slow the spread of woody plants in an infrequently burned grassland? A case study in tallgrass prairie. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 78:79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.05.007.

What's hot and what's not – Identifying publication trends in insect ecology - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Andrew, N.R., Evans, M.J., Svejcar, L.N., Prendegast, K., Mata, L., Gibb, H., Stone, M.J., Barton, P.S. 2021. What's hot and what's not – Identifying publication trends in insect ecology. Austral Ecology. 47:5-16. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13052.

Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forages: efficiency of nitrogen utilization in lambs and performance of gestating beef cows - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Cappellozza, B.I., Bohnert, D.W., Reis, M.M., Van Emon, M.L., Schauer, C.S., Falck, S.J., Cooke, R.F. 2021. Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forages: efficiency of nitrogen utilization in lambs and performance of gestating beef cows. Journal of Animal Science. 99(6):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab122.

Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality, cool-season forage: intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Cappellozza, B.I., Bohnert, D.W., Reis, M.M., Swanson, K.C., Falck, S.J., Cooke, R.F. 2021. Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality, cool-season forage: intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science. 99(6):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab112.

Cattle grazing improves sagebrush restoration success by promoting growth and decreasing fire probability - (Trade Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S. 2021. Cattle grazing improves sagebrush restoration success by promoting growth and decreasing fire probability. Oregon Cattleman. 5(5):30-33.

Drill-seeding compared to broadcast-seeding improves a native bunchgrass establishment across multiple sites and years - (Abstract Only)
Svejcar, L.N., Kerby, J., Mackey, B.E., Boyd, C.S., Svejcar, T., Baughman, O., Madsen, M., Davies, K.W. 2021. Drill-seeding compared to broadcast-seeding improves a native bunchgrass establishment across multiple sites and years [abstract]. Society for Ecological Restoration Symposium.June 21-24. S-4.

Seeding locally sourced native compared to introduced bunchgrasses post-wildfire in frigid Wyoming big sagebrush communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S. 2021. Seeding locally sourced native compared to introduced bunchgrasses post-wildfire in frigid Wyoming big sagebrush communities. Restoration Ecology. 29(5). Article e13397. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13397.

Living with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush ecosystem - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Leger, E.A., Boyd, C.S., Hallet, L.M. 2021. Living with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Management. 288. Article 112417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112417.

Fall-winter grazing after fire in annual grass-invaded sagebrush steppe reduced annuals and increased a native bunchgrass - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Perryman, B., Arispe, S. 2021. Fall-winter grazing after fire in annual grass-invaded sagebrush steppe reduced annuals and increased a native bunchgrass. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 77:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.03.001.

Preemergent herbicide protection seed coating: A promising new restoration tool - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Holfus, C.M., Rios, R.C., Boyd, C.S., Mata-Gonzalez, R. 2021. Preemergent herbicide protection seed coating: A promising new restoration tool. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 76:95-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.02.005.

Improving restoration success through a precision restoration framework - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Baughman, O.W., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W., Kerby, J., Kildisheva, O., Svejcar, T. 2021. Improving restoration success through a precision restoration framework. Restoration Ecology. 29(2). Article e13348. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13348.

Carbon dynamics of six ecological states in the sagebrush steppe of the Great Basin - (Abstract Only)
O'Connor, R.C., Fox, V.G., Olsen, A., Badik, K., Svejcar, T., Boyd, C.S. 2021. Carbon dynamics of six ecological states in the sagebrush steppe of the Great Basin. Society for Range Management Meeting Abstracts. Abstract.

Spatial variation in soil microbial processes as a result of woody encroachment depends on shrub size in tallgrass prairie - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Connell, R.K., O'Connor, R.C., Nippert, J.B., Blair, J.M. 2021. Spatial variation in soil microbial processes as a result of woody encroachment depends on shrub size in tallgrass prairie. Plant and Soil. 460:359-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04813-9.

Long-term evaluation of restoring understories in Wyoming big sagebrush communities with mowing and seeding native bunchgrasses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., O'Connor, R.C. 2021. Long-term evaluation of restoring understories in Wyoming big sagebrush communities with mowing and seeding native bunchgrasses. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 75:81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.12.008.

Recovery of the herbaceous component of degraded sagebrush steppe is unimpeded by 75 years of moderate cattle grazing - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Copeland, S.M., Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S., Bates, J.D. 2021. Recovery of the herbaceous component of degraded sagebrush steppe is unimpeded by 75 years of moderate cattle grazing. Ecosphere. 12(3). Article e03445. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3445.

Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Baughman, O.W., Griffen, J., Kerby, J., Davies, K.W., Clenet, D., Boyd, C.S. 2021. Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all. Restoration Ecology. 29(3). Article e13323. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13323.

Comment on: Grazing disturbance promotes exotic annual grasses by degrading soil biocrust communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
O'Connor, R.C., Germino, M.J. 2020. Comment on: Grazing disturbance promotes exotic annual grasses by degrading soil biocrust communities. Ecological Applications. 31(7). Article e02277. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2277.

Herbicide protection pods (HPPs) facilitate sagebrush and bunchgrass establishment under imazapic control of exotic annual grasses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Clenet, D.R., Davies, K.W., Johnson, D.D., Kerby, J.D. 2020. Herbicide protection pods (HPPs) facilitate sagebrush and bunchgrass establishment under imazapic control of exotic annual grasses. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 73(5):687-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.07.002.

Response of planted sagebrush seedlings to cattle grazing applied to decrease fire probability - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S. 2020. Response of planted sagebrush seedlings to cattle grazing applied to decrease fire probability. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 73(5):629-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.05.002.

Re-introducing fire in sagebrush steppe experiencing decreased fire frequency: Does burning promote spatial and temporal heterogeneity? - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D. 2020. Re-introducing fire in sagebrush steppe experiencing decreased fire frequency: Does burning promote spatial and temporal heterogeneity? International Journal of Wildland Fire. 29(8):686-695. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF20018.

Improving restoration success through microsite selection: an example with planting sagebrush seedlings after wildfire - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Bates, J.D., Clenet, D. 2020. Improving restoration success through microsite selection: an example with planting sagebrush seedlings after wildfire. Restoration Ecology. 28(4):859-868. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13139.

Are sage-grouse fine-scale specialist or shrub-steppe generalist? - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smith, J.T., Allred, B.W., Boyd, C.S., Carlson, J.C., Davies, K.W., Hagen, C.A., Naugle, D.E., Olsen, A.C., Tack, J.D. 2020. Are sage-grouse fine-scale specialist or shrub-steppe generalist? Journal of Wildlife Management. 84(4):759-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21837.

A new seed enhancement technology for revegetating exotic annual grass-invaded rangelands - (Popular Publication)
Clenet, D., Davies, K.W. 2020. A new seed enhancement technology for revegetating exotic annual grass-invaded rangelands. Cattleman's Magazine. 2020: 24-27.

Longer-term post-fire succession on Wyoming big sagebrush steppe - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Bates, J.D., Boyd, C.S., Davies, K.W. 2020. Longer-term post-fire succession on Wyoming big sagebrush steppe. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 29(3):229-239. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19109.

Grazing is not binomial (i.e. grazed or not grazed): a reply to Herman - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Davies, K.W., Boyd, C.S. 2019. Grazing is not binomial (i.e. grazed or not grazed): a reply to Herman. Bioscience Journal. 70(1):6-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz138.

Native vegetation composition in crested wheatgrass in northwestern Great Basin - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Nafus, A.M., Svejcar, T.J., Davies, K.W. 2020. Native vegetation composition in crested wheatgrass in northwestern Great Basin. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 73(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2019.10.006.

Perennial bunchgrass re-growth under different utilization seasons and intensities(#183) - (Other)
Johnson, D., Schroeder, V., Bohnert, D., Davies, K.W., Schreder, P., Brummer, F., Boyd, C.S., Miller, T. 2019. Perennial Bunchgrass Re-growth Under Different Utilization Seasons and Intensities(#183). Oregon State University Extension Publications. p.29-36.

Developing conservation measures to restore and rehabilitate rangelands on degraded sage-grouse habitat in southeastern Oregon (year 2 of 3)(#185) - (Other)
Arispe, S.A., Johnson, D., Davies, K.W. 2019. Developing conservation measures to restore and rehabilitate rangelands on degraded sege-grouse habitat in southeastern oregon (year 2of 3)(#185). Oregon State University Extension Publications. p.43-46.

Gaps and hotspots in the state of knowledge of pinyon-juniper communities - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hartsell, J., Copeland, S.M., Munson, S., Butterfield, B., Bradford, J. 2020. Gaps and hotspots in the state of knowledge of pinyon-juniper communities. Forest Ecology and Management. 455(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117628.

Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Komatsu, K.J., Avolio, M.L., Lemoine, N.P., Isbell, F., Grman, E., Houseman, G.R., Koerner, S.E., Johnson, D.S., Wilcox, K.R., Alatalo, J.M., Anderson, J.P., Aerts, R., Baer, S.G., Bates, J.D., et al. 2019. Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116(36):17867-17873. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819027116.