Author
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Saari, Jack |
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Submitted to: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Publication Type: Review Article Publication Acceptance Date: 7/4/2000 Publication Date: 10/1/2000 Citation: Saari, J.T. 2000. Copper deficiency and cardiovascular disease: Role of peroxidation, glycation and nitration. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 78:848-855. Interpretive Summary: Dietary copper deficiency causes a variety of cardiovascular deficits. Effects on the whole body include high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and, possibly, arteriosclerosis. Effects on specific organs or tissues include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of energy use by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. In some instances, the cause of a defect can be directly attributed to reduced activity of a specific copper-dependent enzyme. However, three nonspecific mechanisms of damage have been implicated in cardiovascular defects of copper deficiency. They are peroxidation, the interaction of highly reactive forms of oxygen with lipids and proteins (possibly DNA); glycation, the undesirable binding of sugars to proteins; and nitration, the interaction of nitric oxide and its metabolites with peptides and proteins. Though independently these mechanisms present great potential for damage, the possibility that they may interact presents an added reason for concern. Further, the fact that at least two of these mechanisms are associated with diabetes and aging suggests that copper deficiency may exacerbate deficits associated with these two conditions. Technical Abstract: Dietary copper deficiency causes a variety of cardiovascular deficits. Effects on the whole body include high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and, possibly, arteriosclerosis. Effects on specific organs or tissues include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of energy use by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. In some instances, the cause of a defect can be directly attributed to reduced activity of a specific copper-dependent enzyme. However, three nonspecific mechanisms of damage have been implicated in cardiovascular defects of copper deficiency. They are peroxidation, the interaction of highly reactive forms of oxygen with lipids and proteins (possibly DNA); glycation, the undesirable binding of sugars to proteins; and nitration, the interaction of nitric oxide and its metabolites with peptides and proteins. Though independently these mechanisms present great potential for damage, the possibility that they may interact presents an added reason for concern. Further, the fact that at least two of these mechanisms are associated with diabetes and aging suggests that copper deficiency may exacerbate deficits associated with these two conditions. |
