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Title: Long-term survival of cryopreserved germplasm: contributing factors and assessments from 30 year old experiments

Author
item Walters, Christina
item Volk, Gayle
item KOSTER, KAREN - University Of South Dakota
item STANWOOD, PHILIP - Retired ARS Employee
item TOWILL, LEIGH - Retired ARS Employee

Submitted to: Acta Horticulturae
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 4/1/2009
Publication Date: 9/1/2011
Citation: Walters, C.T., Volk, G.M., Koster, K.L., Stanwood, P.C., Towill, L.E. 2011. Long-term survival of cryopreserved germplasm: contributing factors and assessments from 30 year old experiments. Acta Horticulturae. 908: 113-120.

Interpretive Summary: People mostly think that time stands still when things are placed in liquid nitrogen because it is so cold that nothing can move or change. This presumption is handled quantitatively by considering the implications of theory on the effect of temperature on reaction kinetics. We then look at supporting data from long term experiments to determine how closely theory and actuality align. Neither theory nor data support the notion that liquid nitrogen is too cold to allow change. Losses of viability in germplasm stored in liquid nitrogen are observable from 20 to 30 year old experiments, and the real question is not if, but when. This knowledge has important implications for how genebanks use their cryogenic facilities.

Technical Abstract: Cryobiologists assume that the extreme low temperatures of liquid nitrogen stop chemical and physical reactions that lead to sample aging and loss of viability. This assumption, based on extrapolations of temperature–reaction kinetic relationships, is not completely supported by accumulating evidence that dried seeds can deteriorate during cryogenic storage. After 30 years of cryogenic storage, seeds of some species exhibited quantitatively lower viability and vigor. Loss of viability during storage reflects molecular mobility within the system – in other words, relaxation of glassy matrices. Stability of biological glasses is not currently understood. We present a conceptual model to explain mobility within glasses and how it can differ depending among species and tissue types based on developmental programs during embryogenesis or acclimation and additions of exogenous cryoprotectants. Hence, the same thermodynamic models developed using a seed system may be applicable to a wide variety of germplasm and may provide a priori estimates of achievable longevity. Testing this hypothesis is difficult because of the long time frame needed to validate changes in viability during cryogenic storage; however, long term experiments are becoming increasingly available. For example, cryogenic storage of dormant buds is a highly efficient way to back up orchard collections and some buds have been cryogenically stored at NCGRP for 15-20 years allowing us to investigate effects of weather patterns and harvest dates. In this paper, we explore the thermodynamic principles that contribute to temperature dependency of glassy relaxation as the context for understanding potential changes in viability of cryogenically stored germplasm.