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Submitted to: Vector-Mediated Transmission of Plant Pathogens
Publication Type: Book / Chapter Publication Acceptance Date: 11/15/2012 Publication Date: 5/31/2016 Citation: Wintermantel, W.M. 2016. Semi-persistent whitefly-transmitted viruses: Crinivirus. In: Brown, J.K., editor. Vector-Mediated Transmission of Plant Pathogens. St. Paul, MN: APS Press. p. 111-119. Interpretive Summary: Semipersistent viruses are usually retained for periods ranging from a few hours to several days within their insect vectors, but do not circulate within the insect. Transmission is associated with binding, retention and release of virus proteins to and from vector mouthparts, and efficiency of transmission usually increases with longer acquisition feeding periods. There appears to be some variation in the manner of retention among different types of semipersistent viruses within whiteflies. This chapter reviews the latest information on semipersistent transmission of viruses in the genus, Crinivirus. Some criniviruses are transmitted by only a single species of whitefly, whereas others can be transmitted by more diverse species, including whiteflies of different genera. Acquisition, transmission and persistence in the vector, varies among individual combinations of virus and whitefly species or biotypes. Criniviruses share a significant level of similarity in transmission parameters, and studies have clearly demonstrated that vector transmission efficiency is directly related to virus titer in the source plant used for virus acquisition. The minor coat protein (CPm), which is part of a protein complex protecting the 5’ end of virus particles, also appears to influence virion retention and transmission by the whitefly vector. Multiple experiments have demonstrated that the CPm is critical for whitefly transmission of criniviruses, and recent studies have demonstrated association of virus particles with the cibarium or foregut of the whitefly. Changes in insect vector population structure in a region can have a tremendous impact on incidence, epidemiology and population structure of insect-transmitted viruses. Technical Abstract: Semipersistent viruses are usually retained for periods ranging from a few hours to several days within their insect vectors, but do not circulate within the insect. Transmission is associated with binding, retention and release of virus proteins to and from vector mouthparts, and efficiency of transmission usually increases with longer acquisition feeding periods. There appears to be some variation in the manner of retention among different types of semipersistent viruses within whiteflies. This chapter reviews the latest information on semipersistent transmission of viruses in the genus, Crinivirus. Some criniviruses are transmitted by only a single species of whitefly, whereas others can be transmitted by more diverse species, including whiteflies of different genera. Acquisition, transmission and persistence in the vector, varies among individual combinations of virus and whitefly species or biotypes. Criniviruses share a significant level of similarity in transmission parameters, and studies have clearly demonstrated that vector transmission efficiency is directly related to virus titer in the source plant used for virus acquisition. The minor coat protein (CPm), which is part of a protein complex protecting the 5’ end of virus particles, also appears to influence virion retention and transmission by the whitefly vector. Multiple experiments have demonstrated that the CPm is critical for whitefly transmission of criniviruses, and recent studies have demonstrated association of virus particles with the cibarium or foregut of the whitefly. Changes in insect vector population structure in a region can have a tremendous impact on incidence, epidemiology and population structure of insect-transmitted viruses. |
