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Title: Irrigation differentially impacts populations of indigenous antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. in the rhizosphere of wheat

Author
item MAVRODI, OLGA - Washington State University
item MAVRODI, DMITRI - Washington State University
item PAREJKO, JAMES - Washington State University
item Thomashow, Linda
item Weller, David

Submitted to: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 2/23/2012
Publication Date: 3/2/2012
Citation: Mavrodi, O.V., Mavrodi, D.V., Parejko, J.A., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2012. Irrigation differentially impacts populations of indigenous antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. in the rhizosphere of wheat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78:3214-3220.

Interpretive Summary: Many microorganisms have the capacity to produce natural antibiotics that can suppress soilborne plant pathogens in the environment, but little is known about the factors that influence population sizes of these bacteria. This work determined the impact of irrigation on the populations of beneficial bacteria producing the natural antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (Phz+) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl+) on the roots of wheat grown in the low precipitation zone (5.9 to 11.8 inches annually) of the Columbia Plateau of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Population sizes and plant colonization frequencies of Phz+ and Phl+ bacteria were determined in winter and spring wheat collected during the growing seasons from 2008 to 2009 from selected commercial dryland and irrigated fields in central Washington State. Only Phz+ bacteria were detected on dryland winter wheat, with populations ranging from thousands to millions of bacteria per gram of root tissue, and from 67% to 100% of root systems colonized. The ranges of population densities of Phl+ and Phz+ bacteria recovered from wheat grown under irrigation were similar, but 58 to 100% of root systems were colonized by Phl+ bacteria whereas only 8 to 50% of plants harbored Phz+ bacteria. In addition, Phz+ bacteria were abundant on the roots of native plant species growing in nonirrigated areas adjacent to the sampled dryland wheat fields. This is the first report that documents the impact of irrigation on natural populations of two closely related groups of antibiotic-producing bacteria that live on the roots of the same economically important cereal crop. The results show how crop management practices can influence natural populations of antibiotic-producing bacteria with the capacity to suppress soilborne diseases of wheat.

Technical Abstract: This work determined the impact of irrigation on the seasonal dynamics of populations of Pseudomonas spp. producing the antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (Phz+) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl+) in the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the low precipitation zone (150 to 300 mm annually) of the Columbia Plateau of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Population sizes and plant colonization frequencies of Phz+ and Phl+ Pseudomonas spp. were determined in winter and spring wheat collected during the growing seasons from 2008 to 2009 from selected commercial dryland and irrigated fields in central Washington State. Only Phz+ bacteria were detected on dryland winter wheat, with populations ranging from 4.8 to 6.3 log CFU g-1 of root and rhizosphere colonization frequencies of 67 to 100%. The ranges of population densities of Phl+ and Phz+ Pseudomonas spp. recovered from wheat grown under irrigation were similar, but 58 to 100% of root systems were colonized by Phl+ bacteria whereas only 8 to 50% of plants harbored Phz+ bacteria. In addition, Phz+ Pseudomonas spp. were abundant in the rhizosphere of native plant species growing in nonirrigated areas adjacent to the sampled dryland wheat fields. This is the first report that documents the impact of irrigation on indigenous populations of two closely related groups of antibiotic-producing pseudomonads that coinhabit the rhizosphere of an economically important cereal crop. These results demonstrate how crop management practices can influence indigenous populations of antibiotic-producing pseudomonads with the capacity to suppress soilborne diseases of wheat.