Effect of postweaning diet on ovarian development and fertility in replacement beef heifers

Authors: EBORN, DOUGLAS; Cushman, Robert - Bob; ECHTERNKAMP, SHERRILL

Submitted to: Journal of Animal Science
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/18/2013
Publication Date: 9/1/2013
Citation: Eborn, D.R., Cushman, R.A., Echternkamp, S.E. 2013. Effect of postweaning diet on ovarian development and fertility in replacement beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science. 91(9):4168-4179.

Interpretive Summary: Beef producers replace 12 to 15% of the cow herd annually. Management of replacement beef heifers from weaning to breeding is critical to their life-time productivity. Implemented systems are designed to achieve puberty and conception within the first 21 d of the breeding period and for > 80% of the heifers to calve at 2 yr of age. Our results indicate that feeding replacement beef heifers less dietary energy from 8 to 14 mo of age to produce a smaller average daily gain (0.47 vs. 0.79 kg/d) and to attain 55% vs. the traditional 65% of their mature body weight at breeding did not reduce the proportion of heifers cyclic (i.e., 97%) or pregnant (77.7 vs. 83.0%) within the 47-d breeding period. Thus, feeding less dietary energy from 8 to 14 mo of age and developing heifers to 55% of their mature body weight at breeding enables producers to reduce associated feed costs and to improve profitability without compromising the percentage of heifers calving at 2 yr of age.

Technical Abstract: Programs for developing replacement heifers are designed for heifers to calve at 2 yr of age and to extend their stayability in the herd and minimize feed cost. The experimental objective was to determine whether developing prepubertal heifers on less dietary energy and to a BW of 55% rather than 65% of mature BW at 14 mo of age would compromise ovarian development and reduce fertility. In a 3-yr study, 8-mo-old Angus (n = 60/yr) and composite MARC II (n = 60/yr) heifers were assigned equally by age, BW, and breed to receive either a low (LG) or high (HG) BW gain diet fed to achieve an ADG of either 0.45 or 0.8 kg/d from 8 to 15 mo of age, including the first 21 d of breeding, and then transferred to pasture. At 14 mo, heifers were housed with fertile bulls for 47 d. Estrus was monitored for 21 d. Within 12 h after detection of estrus, ovarian length and height, preovulatory follicle diam., and antral follicle count (AFC) were measured by transrectal ultrasonography. corpus luteum (CL) volume and plasma progesterone concentration were measured 5 to 15 d after estrus. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with treatment, breed, and year and their 2-way interactions as independent variables. At breeding, HG heifers were heavier than LG heifers (419.9 vs. 361.8 ± 7.5 kg; P < 0.01); ADG for the treatment period was 0.79 vs. 0.47 ± 0.04 kg/d (P < 0.01), respectively. In 2010 and 2011, 97.2% of heifers were cyclic by 21 d of breeding. Size of the ovary, preovulatory follicle, CL, and AFC did not differ between HG and LG, but preovulatory follicle diam. and ovarian length were greater (P <= 0.05) for MARC II vs. Angus heifers. Progesterone concentrations were less for LG vs. HG heifers (P <= 0.02), whereas CL volume was not affected by treatment or breed but was correlated positively with preovulatory follicle size (P < 0.01). Total AFC ranged from 5 to 49 and was correlated positively with ovarian volume but was not associated with fertility. A greater proportion of HG vs. LG heifers conceived within the first 21 d of the breeding period (64.4% vs. 49.2% ± 3.8%, respectively; P < 0.01), but overall pregnancy rate was not affected by treatment (83.0% vs. 77.7% ± 3.1%, respectively; P > 0.10). Pregnancy rate was 10% less (P < 0.01) for Angus vs. MARC II heifers. Developing beef heifers at a lesser ADG to a lighter BW (55% vs. 64% of mature BW) at breeding did not influence postweaning ovarian development or AFC or compromise pregnancy rate during the 47-d breeding period.