First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/Ind-2001d in Vietnam

Authors: VU, LE - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); LONG, NGO - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); BRITO, BARBARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE); STENFELDT, CAROLINA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE); PHUONG, NGUYEN - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); HOANG, BUI - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); Pauszek, Steven; Hartwig, Ethan; Smoliga, George; VU, PHAM - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); QUANG, LE - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); HUNG, VO - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); THO, NGUYEN - National Center For Veterinary Diagnostics; DONG, PHAM - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); MINH, PHAN - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); BERTRAM, MIRANDA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE); FISH, IAN - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE); Rodriguez, Luis; DUNG, DO - Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development (MARD); Arzt, Jonathan

Submitted to: PLOS ONE
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 4/17/2017
Publication Date: 6/19/2017
Citation: Vu, L.T., Long, N.T., Brito, B., Stenfeldt, C., Phuong, N.T., Hoang, B.H., Pauszek, S.J., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Vu, P.P., Quang, L.T., Hung, V.V., Tho, N.D., Dong, P.V., Minh, P.Q., Bertram, M.R., Fish, I.H., Rodriguez, L.L., Dung, D.H., Arzt, J. 2017. First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/Ind-2001d in Vietnam. PLoS One. 12(6):e0177361. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177361.

Interpretive Summary: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock, which is not present in the USA, but exists in Africa, Asia and South America. This paper describes a subtype of FMD virus (FMDV) which originated in India and has spread to the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia in recent years. In this report, we describe the first detection of this strain in Vietnam, which occurred in May, 2015. Three subsequent outbreaks in the country were also caused by this strain, for a total of four outbreaks in three provinces between May – October, 2015. The virus caused typical clinical signs of FMD in cattle and pigs, however disease was not seen in sheep and goats. It is unknown how this strain was introduced into Vietnam, but the movement of live cattle is suspected. The spread of this strain into Vietnam has substantial implications for the control of FMD in Southeast Asia and the management of the threat posed to US agriculture.

Technical Abstract: In recent years, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, lineage Ind2001d has spread to the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. In the current report, we describe the first detection of this lineage in Vietnam in May, 2015 in Dak Nong province which borders Cambodia. Three subsequent outbreaks caused by phylogenetically similar strains occurred between May – October, 2015 after which the virus was not detected in clinical outbreaks for at least 13 subsequent months. The observed outbreaks affected (in chronological order): cattle in Dak Nong province, pigs in Dak Lak province and Dak Nong province, and cattle in Ninh Thuan province. The Ninh Thuan occurred coincident with outbreaks of FMDV/A/Sea-97. The clinical syndromes associated with these outbreaks were consistent with typical FMD in the affected species. Overall morbidity in affected premises was 85% in pigs and 93% in cattle. Mortality in pigs was 22.4% and was attributed to myocarditis; however the cause of death was not thoroughly investigated. Sheep and goats were not observed to be affected in any of the outbreaks despite large numbers of these species in the regions. The manner in which FMDV/O/Ind2001d was introduced into Vietnam remains undetermined; however movement of live cattle is the suspected route of introduction. This incursion has substantial implications for epidemiology and control of FMD in Southeast Asia.