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ARS Home » Pacific West Area » Aberdeen, Idaho » Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research » Research » Publications at this Location » Publication #366952
Research Project: Integrating the Development of New Feed Ingredients and Functionality and Genetic Improvement to Enhance Sustainable Production of Rainbow Trout

Location: Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research

Title: Bile acid metabolism in fish: disturbances caused by fishmeal alternatives and some mitigating effects from dietary bile inclusions

Author
item ROMANO, NICHOLAS - University Of Arkansas At Pine Bluff
item KUMAR, VIKAS - University Of Idaho
item YANG, GANG - University Of Idaho
item KAIBAF, KIMIA - University Of Idaho
item RUBIO, MARINA - University Of Idaho
item Overturf, Kenneth - Ken
item BREZAS, ANDREAS - University Of Idaho
item HARDY, RONALD - University Of Idaho

Submitted to: Aquaculture
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 12/9/2019
Publication Date: 1/2/2020
Citation: Romano, N., Kumar, V., Yang, G., Kaibaf, K., Rubio, M., Overturf, K.E., Brezas, A., Hardy, R. 2020. Bile acid metabolism in fish: disturbances caused by fishmeal alternatives and some mitigating effects from dietary bile inclusions. Aquaculture. 12(3):1792-1817. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12410.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12410

Interpretive Summary: Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of animal agriculture. Fishmeal has been the main protein component for salmonid aquaculture species in the past, but due to its limited availability and rising cost there has been increasing pressure to replace fishmeal with protein from other sustainable sources. Dietary fishmeal alternatives often disturb bile acid status in fish. This disturbance may be mitigated by processing fishmeal alternatives and by the dietary inclusion of some bile acids and salts. This review discusses these aspects on fish nutrition to suggests ways to increase the inclusion of dietary fishmeal alternatives and thus enhance aquaculture sustainability.

Technical Abstract: Bile is a yellow-green liquid produced in the liver from cholesterol and stored in the gallbladder of vertebrates. Bile improves the efficacy lipid digestion by acting as an emulsifier and is essential to activating bile-salt lipase, which has a broad substrate specificity. Thus, bile improves the absorption of other lipid soluble nutrients while also facilitating the excretion of cholesterol and toxic metabolites, particularly bilirubin. Dietary fishmeal alternatives often disturb bile acid status in fish as a result of increased excretion/decreased intestinal reabsorption and/or decreased bile acid synthesis. Saponins, but especially high molecular mass proteins, are believed to contribute to altered bile acid status, which may reduce fish productivity. This situation can worsen with higher amounts of fishmeal alternatives are being included in aquafeeds, but also may be mitigated by processing fishmeal alternatives as well as the dietary inclusion of some bile acids/salts. These research direction will likely increase, especially as research is showing some added dietary bile acids/salts can have a protective role to the digestive organs as well as improving the gut microbiome. This, however, depends on the bile type, level and fish species. This review discusses these aspects on fish nutrition to help increase the inclusion of dietary fishmeal alternatives and thus enhance aquaculture sustainability.