Trends in orange juice consumption and nutrient adequacy in children 2003-2016

Authors: NICKLAS, THERESA - Children'S Nutrition Research Center (CNRC); O'NEIL, CAROL - Louisiana State University; SAAB, RABAB - Children'S Nutrition Research Center (CNRC); FULGONI III, VICTOR - Nutrition Impact, Llc

Submitted to: International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 7/17/2020
Publication Date: 8/7/2020
Citation: Nicklas, T.A., O'Neil, C.E., Saab, R., Fulgoni III, V.L. 2020. Trends in orange juice consumption and nutrient adequacy in children 2003-2016. International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition. 9(3):100-114. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2020.09.03.2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2020.09.03.2

Interpretive Summary: One hundred percent fruit juices (FJ) contribute a variety of key vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds to the diet. The purpose of this study was to examine secular trends in 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption and trends in nutrient adequacy in 25,295 children 2-18 years participating in the 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. There were changes in intake and nutrient adequacy from 2003-2004 to 2015-2016. The results suggest that consumption of OJ and other 100% FJ were major food sources of select nutrients that were inadequate among children. The data also suggest that significant food sources of vitamin D, calcium, iron, and phosphorus varied among OJ consumers compared to non-consumers. Among OJ consumers compared to non-consumers there was a concomitant decrease in the intake of coffee and or tea and sweetened beverages, and to a lesser degree for sweet bakery products, candy, eggs and fruits. One possible strategy to decrease inadequate intakes of calcium, potassium and phosphorus is to increase consumption of OJ and other 100% FJ and decrease the consumption of sweetened beverages and coffee and or tea.

Technical Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine secular trends in 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption and trends in nutrient adequacy in children 2-18 years participating in the 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual intake. Ten deciles of OJ consumption were determined based on intakes with non-consumers in the first decile. Nutrient adequacy was determined using the percentage below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or the percentage above the Adequate Intake (AI). Linear regression coefficients for changes in intake over time and across deciles of OJ were generated. Approximately 14% of the total sample consumed OJ with a mean intake of 40.0 g/d (77 KJ [0.9% of total energy intake]). Amounts of all 100% fruit juices consumed decreased by 44% and whole fruit intake increased approximately 32% from 2003-2016. Intake of total energy, total carbohydrates, added sugars, and saturated fatty acids decreased. Intakes of folate, riboflavin, zinc, and vitamin C decreased from 2003-2016. Percentage of children below the EAR increased for vitamin C and zinc and decreased for vitamin A from 2003-2016. Percent of children above the AI increased for fiber. Across the deciles of OJ consumption, the percent of children with inadequate intake of vitamin D, calcium, iron, and phosphorus decreased. OJ and other 100% juices were major food sources of many nutrients that were consumed at levels below recommendations. One strategy to decrease inadequate intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and potassium intake is to maintain or increase consumption of OJ and other 100% juices.