Applications of nanovaccines for disease prevention in cattle

Authors: MAINA, TERESIA - Iowa State University; GREGO, ELIZABETH - Iowa State University; Boggiatto, Paola; Sacco, Randy; NARASIMHAN, BALAJI - Iowa State University; MCGILL, JODI - Iowa State University

Submitted to: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Publication Type: Review Article
Publication Acceptance Date: 11/20/2020
Publication Date: 12/11/2020
Citation: Maina, T.W., Grego, E.A., Boggiatto, P.M., Sacco, R.E., Narasimhan, B., Mcgill, J.L. 2020. Applications of nanovaccines for disease prevention in cattle. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 8. Article 608050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.608050.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.608050

Interpretive Summary: Nanoparticle-based platforms for vaccination (nanovaccines) have emerged as very promising alternatives to traditional vaccination platforms. These nanovaccines have many desirable features including increased stability and immunogenicity and can be tailored to induce specific immune responses and meet the needs for specific infections. Infectious diseases of cattle can have a significant economic impact on producers. The use of nanovaccines in cattle is limited, but the data indicates that there is promise for their use against various infectious disease of cattle. This review highlights the recent advancements in nanovaccines for use in cattle and discusses their potential for combating against economically-important viral and bacterial diseases of cattle. This work will be of interest to researchers studying bovine viral and bacterial diseases as well as stakeholders interested in the development of new vaccine approaches for cattle.

Technical Abstract: Vaccines are one of the most important tools available to prevent and reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in cattle. Despite their availability and widespread use to combat many important pathogens impacting cattle, several of these products demonstrate variable efficacy and safety in the field, require multiple doses, or are unstable under field conditions. Recently, nanoparticle-based platforms (nanovaccines) have emerged as promising alternatives to more traditional vaccine platforms. Nanovaccines are generally tailored to be highly immunogenic and can activate both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system. To improve vaccine administrative strategies and efficacy, they can be formulated to contain multiple antigen payloads and have the ability to protect fragile proteins from degradation. Nanovaccines are also stable at room temperature, minimizing the need for cold chain storage. Besides, some nanoparticle platforms can be synthesized for target delivery through intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration to induce desired mucosal immune responses. Several nanovaccine platforms have emerged in recent years to attain these attributes, including biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, liposome-based platforms, and virus-like particles. While most nanovaccine candidates have not yet advanced beyond testing in rodent models, a growing number have shown promise for use against cattle infectious diseases. This review will highlight recent advancements in nanovaccine development and the mechanisms by which nanovaccines may interact with the bovine immune system. We will also discuss the positive implications of nanovaccines use for combating several important viral and bacterial disease syndromes, and consider important future directions for nanovaccine development in beef and dairy cattle.