Comparative economic and environmental assessments of furrow- and flood-irrigated rice production systems

Authors: NALLEY, LAWTON - University Of Arkansas; Massey, Joseph; DURAND-MORAT, ALVARO - University Of Arkansas; SHEW, AARON - University Of Arkansas; PARAJULI, RANJAN - University Of Arkansas; TSIBOE, FRANCIS - Economic Research Serivce (ERS, USDA)

Submitted to: Agricultural Water Management
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/23/2022
Publication Date: 10/22/2022
Citation: Nalley, L., Massey, J., Durand-Morat, A., Shew, A., Parajuli, R., Tsiboe, F. 2022. Comparative economic and environmental assessments of furrow- and flood-irrigated rice production systems. Agricultural Water Management. 274. Article 107964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107964.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107964

Interpretive Summary: To assist producers in determing which rice production system best fits their current and future needs, a life cycle analysis (LCA) and an economic assessment were conducted comparing the increasingly popular furrow-irrigation (FIR) system to a conventional levee/continuous rice flood (CIR). The study compared the economic (yield differences, value of water conserved and milling discounts/premiums) and environmental impacts of CIR and FIR on a per kg of rice basis. Results indicate that CIR is both more profitable and environmentally sustainable when using currently-available information. Reductions in soil disturbance associated with CIR and reductions in arsenic concentrations in rice grain were not considered. "Quality of life" factors such as ease of harvest and greater flexibility in adjusting to changing weather and commodity prices were also not considered. The results suggest that while water savings has historically been a key focus of rice production from an environmental sustainability standpoint, failure to both recognize and quantify holistic environmental metrics besides water savings may provide misleading recommendations that should be addressed in future research.

Technical Abstract: Rice producers in the Mid-South of the United States face decreasing groundwater availability and increasing pumping depths which may jeopardize sustainable rice production. Recently, producers have started adopting furrow irrigated rice (FIR) which reduces irrigation requirements by approximately 17% compared to conventionally flooded rice (CIR). Although driven by water savings and ease of planting and harvesting, as FIR does not require levies to be built, there are both yield (quantity) and milling (quality) concerns with FIR production. While some view FIR as a more sustainable production practice because of its reduced water usage, a comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has not been conducted to compare the two production systems. This study compares the economic (yield differences, NPV of water conserved and milling discounts/premiums) and environmental (a stepwise LCA which monetizes the holistic environmental of CIR and FIR on a per kg of rice basis) differences between CIR and FIR. Profitability results indicate that CIR more profitable and LCA results show that CIR is more environmentally sustainable. These results present a Gordian knot for policy makers and rice stakeholders alike as they struggle between a production practice that has a lower environmental impact (CIR) versus one that conserves water, reduces soil disturbance, and offers more flexibility to respond to market and weather conditions (FIR). Water savings has historically been a key focus of rice production from an environmental sustainability standpoint. Our research indicates that failure to both recognize and quantify holistic environmental metrics besides water savings may provide misleading recommendations.