Dry bean: A protein-rich superfood with carbohydrate characteristics that can close the dietary fiber gap

Authors: BRICK, MARK - Colorado State University; KLEINTOP, ADRIENNE - Colorado State University; ECHEVERRIA, DIMAS - University Of Massachusetts; KAMMLADE, SARA - Colorado State University; BRICK, LESLIE - Colorado State University; OSORNO, JUAN - North Dakota State University; MCCLEAN, PHILLIP - North Dakota State University; THOMPSON, HENRY - Colorado State University

Submitted to: Frontiers in Plant Science
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/20/2022
Publication Date: 7/26/2022
Citation: Brick, M.A., Kleintop, A., Echeverria, D., Kammlade, S., Brick, L.A., Osorno, J.M., Mcclean, P., Thompson, H.J. 2022. Dry bean: A protein-rich superfood with carbohydrate characteristics that can close the dietary fiber gap. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13. Article 914412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.914412.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.914412

Interpretive Summary: Dietary fiber is an important nutrient that is not consumed in required amounts by most American consumers. Pulse crops, such as dry edible beans, are a rich source of different dietary fibers, but consumers are unaware of the types or amounts in dry beans. In this study, we measured the different types of dietary fiber, namely soluble, insoluble, and oligosaccharide types, in a diverse set of bean cultivars. We also studied how the growing environment impacted the types and amounts of fiber in the beans. Insoluble dietary fiber constituted the highest portion of total dietary fiber, followed by soluble fiber, and oligosaccharide fiber in all the cultivars; whereas total dietary fiber differed almost 30% (highest to lowest) amongst the cultivars studied. These results support the opportunity to use source-identified bean cultivars to increase dietary fiber in bean products and assist consumers in meeting their daily nutritional requirements.

Technical Abstract: Consumer food choices are often focused on protein intake, but the chosen sources are frequently either animal-based protein that has high fat content or plant-based protein that is low in other nutrients. In either case, these protein sources often lack dietary fiber, which is a nutrient of concern in the 2020–2025 Dietary Guide for Americans. Pulse crops, such as dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), are a rich source of dietary protein and contain approximately equal amounts of dietary fiber per 100 kcal edible portion; yet the consumer's attention has not been directed to this important fact. If product labeling were used to draw attention to the similar ratio of dietary protein to dietary fiber in dry bean and other pulses, measures of carbohydrate quality could also be highlighted. Dietary fiber is categorized into three fractions, namely, soluble (SDF), insoluble (IDF), and oligosaccharides (OLIGO), yet nutrient composition databases, as well as food labels, usually report only crude fiber. The objectives of this research were to measure the content of SDF, IDF, and OLIGO in a large genetically diverse panel of bean cultivars and improved germplasm (n = 275) and determine the impact of growing environment on the content of DF. Dietary fiber was evaluated using the American Association of Analytical Chemist 2011.25 method on bean seed grown at two locations. Dry bean cultivars differed for all DF components (P = 0.05). Insoluble dietary fiber constituted the highest portion of total DF (54.0%), followed by SDF (29.1%) and OLIGO (16.8%). Mean total DF and all components did not differ among genotypes grown in two field environments. These results indicate that value could be added to dry bean by cultivar-specific food labeling for protein and components of dietary fiber.