The rodent electronic nicotine delivery system: Apparatus for voluntary nose-only e-cigarette aerosol inhalation

Authors: ODUM, AMY - Utah State University; WILLIS-MOORE, MARIAH - Utah State University; CALLISTER, KIERNAN - Utah State University; HAYNES, JEREMY - Temple University; FRYE, CHARLES - Cameron University; SCRIBNER, LUCY - Utah State University; LEGASPI, DAVID - Utah State University; DA SILVA, DANIEL SANTOS - Utah State University; OLSEN, AARON - Utah State University; TRUSCOTT, TADD - King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology; ALDEN, PRESTON - Utah State University; BEVINS, RICK - University Of Nebraska; LEVENTHAL, ADAM - University Of Southern California; Lee, Stephen; GOMER, BREANNA - University Of Utah; BENNINGHOFF, ABBY - Utah State University

Submitted to: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 2/5/2025
Publication Date: 3/14/2025
Citation: Odum, A.L., Willis-Moore, M.E., Callister, K.T., Haynes, J.M., Frye, C.C., Scribner, L.N., Legaspi, D.N., Da Silva, D., Olsen, A.L., Truscott, T.T., Alden, P.T., Bevins, R.A., Leventhal, A.M., Lee, S.T., Gomer, B., Benninghoff, A.D. 2025. The rodent electronic nicotine delivery system: apparatus for voluntary nose-only e-cigarette aerosol inhalation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70005

Interpretive Summary: Tobacco use is the leading cause of death globally and in the U.S. After decades of decline, driven by decreases in combusted tobacco use, nicotine product use has increased due to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), also known as e-cigarettes or vapes. Preclinical models of nicotine self-administration can serve as important lodestars in the search for effective intervention and prevention tactics. Current variants of the task have substantial limitations, however. Therefore, we created the Rodent Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (RENDS), a novel low-cost non-proprietary snout-only preclinical model of self-administration of nicotine aerosol. We validated the RENDS using two techniques. First, we confirmed that RENDS sequesters nicotine aerosol in the nose port by measuring fine particulate matter (PM < 2.5 microns) generated by e-cigarettes. The PM2.5 levels in the chamber were similar to room air when the vacuum system was in operation. We also demonstrated that rats robustly self-administer flavored nicotine aerosol, resulting in high blood levels of cotinine (the major nicotine metabolite) and spontaneous somatic withdrawal symptoms. Thus, we provide strong validation of the operation and function of the RENDS, opening the door to an open-source preclinical aerosol model of nicotine self-administration that is relatively low cost. Four existing operant chambers can be retrofitted with the RENDS for less than $1,300 (under $325/chamber). All RENDS diagrams and plans for custom designed components can be found freely on our open science framework site (OSF; https://osf.io/x2pqf/?view_only=775b55435b8e428f98e6da384ef7889d).

Technical Abstract: Tobacco use is the leading cause of death globally and in the U.S. After decades of decline, driven by decreases in combusted tobacco use, nicotine product use has increased due to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), also known as e-cigarettes or vapes. Preclinical models of nicotine self-administration can serve as important lodestars in the search for effective intervention and prevention tactics. Current variants of the task have substantial limitations, however. Therefore, we created the Rodent Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (RENDS), a novel low-cost non-proprietary snout-only preclinical model of self-administration of nicotine aerosol. We validated the RENDS using two techniques. First, we confirmed that RENDS sequesters nicotine aerosol in the nose port by measuring fine particulate matter (PM < 2.5 microns) generated by e-cigarettes. The PM2.5 levels in the chamber were similar to room air when the vacuum system was in operation. We also demonstrated that rats robustly self-administer flavored nicotine aerosol, resulting in high blood levels of cotinine (the major nicotine metabolite) and spontaneous somatic withdrawal symptoms. Thus, we provide strong validation of the operation and function of the RENDS, opening the door to an open-source preclinical aerosol model of nicotine self-administration that is relatively low cost. Four existing operant chambers can be retrofitted with the RENDS for less than $1,300 (under $325/chamber). All RENDS diagrams and plans for custom designed components can be found freely on our open science framework site (OSF; https://osf.io/x2pqf/?view_only=775b55435b8e428f98e6da384ef7889d).