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Economically profitable soil conservation cropping systems are evaluated in studies on natural runoff plots and plots with rainfall simulators. Management systems comprising conservation tillage, cover crops, crop rotations, contour rows, terraces, buffer strips, and grass hedges are studied in replicated plot, watershed, and on-farm studies. Documented responses include decreased runoff and erosion, increased yield, earlier infection with beneficial micorrhizal fungi, and higher populations of earthworms and ants.