Table of Contents

Introduction
Acknowledgments
Document Title and Authorizing Authority
Restrictions
Hardware and Software Used
Races of Maize Scanning Protocol
References
Link to ARS-GRIN for maize images

Introduction

The core set of the Races of Maize volumes were a result of investigations by Maize Geneticists and were published by the National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences between 1952 and 1963. The set represents a unique source of information, which characterizes and describes the races of maize and their respective geographic origins. These volumes have been out of print and unavailable to researchers for decades. The Maize Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) recognized the importance of the availability of this scientific literature and recommended that they be electronically reproduced and distributed via the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

In addition to the core set of volumes, numerous publications on the races of maize sponsored by various national and international authorities have been included. The project reflects the global importance of maize germplasm and the collective body of work of the international maize research community. This effort was funded in part with funds from the Latin America Maize Project (LAMP) held by USDA-ARS, and by resources of the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS), Ames, IA, and the National Center for Germplasm Resource Preservation (NCGRP), Ft. Collins, CO.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to all who contributed to this project:

• The Researchers and Authors of these volumes describing the races of maize, and for dedicating their life's energy and expertise to this important and timeless work. Thanks also go to the copyright-holders for granting access to these volumes. See authorization section for complete listing.
• Wilfredo Salhuana, who has spent a lifetime studying and promoting the use of maize germplasm, and who served as Director of the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) Project and Chairman of the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM). Wilfredo worked tirelessly to secure the author's permissions and to provide impetus for completion of this project.
• The Maize Geneticists whose body of work resulted in the original volumes.
• The Maize Crop Germplasm Committee for making this project a priority, thus ensuring the availability of the Races of Maize series to future maize researchers.
• Henry Shands, USDA-ARS-NCGRP, Ft. Collins, CO for providing the funds for the scanning equipment and valuable advice, for securing the permission and encouragement of the National Academy of Science to make the Races volumes available digitally, and the impetus for completing this project.
• Mark Millard, NCRPIS Maize Curator, Iowa State University, Ames, IA for his maize curatorial expertise and contributions to the quality of the project.
• Candice Gardner, USDA-ARS-NCRPIS Research Leader and NC-7 Project Coordinator for her support.
• Kyle Cavanaugh, USDA-ARS Archival Intern of The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, IA, for his design, development, and scanning document capture contributions to this project.
• Jaryd Sunstrom, USDA-ARS IT Intern of the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, IA, for his assistance in design layout and programming development on this project.
• Cris Nass, USDA-ARS-NCRPIS Office Automation Assistant of the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, IA, for document scanning and capture assistance.
• Peter Cyr, USDA-ARS-NCRPIS IT Specialist of the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, IA, for final project execution.

Document Title and Authorizing Authority

The collaboration of the following institutions and persons that gave permission to digitally publish the volumes of Races of Maize and other publications in the CD's for distribution at no cost and inclusion in PDF format on public web sites is greatly appreciated. Permission was given exclusively for this purpose with no reproduction for sales.

ACCESS TO ALL THE MATERIALS CONTAINED IN THIS DIGITAL COMPENDENDIUM OF THE RACES OF MAIZE HAS BEEN PROVIDED FREE OF CHARGE.  FURTHER USE OF THIS MATERIAL IS ENCOURAGED, WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT PROPER CITATIONS AND CREDIT ARE DUE THE AUTHORS OF THESE VOLUMES AND THE COPYRIGHTING INSTITUTIONS.

1) Copyright is held by the National Academy Press, USA, for the following volumes.
    The National Academy Press has provided access free of charge.
            Races of Maize in Cuba (Publication # 453)
            Races of Maize in Colombia (Publication 510)
            Races of Maize in Central America (Publication 511)
            Races of Maize in Brazil and other Eastern South American Countries (Publication # 593)
            Races of Maize in the West Indies (Publication # 792)
            Races of Maize in Bolivia (Publication # 747)
            Races of Maize in Peru (Publication # 915)
            Races of Maize in Chile (Publication # 847)
            Races of Maize in Venezuela (Publication # 1136)
            Races of Maize in Ecuador (Publication 975)
 2) Copyrights are held for the Races of Maize in South America and the Races of Maize in Mexico: Their Origin, Characteristics and
     Distribution (1952) by Harvard University.  The Economic Botany Library of Oakes Ames, Harvard University, has permitted access and
     their inclusion in this digital project free of charge.
 3) Copyright for the Razas de Maiz en México is held by the Mexican government. Dr, V,N, Villa lobos Arambula, on behalf of the
     Mexican Ministry of Agriculture has provided access free of charge.
 4) Copyrights for the volumes Chromosome Morphology of Certain Races of Maize in Latin America and Races of Maize in Brazil and
     Adjacent Areas are held by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico.  CIMMYT has provided document
     access free of charge.
 5) Copyright for the Races of Maize of Portugal is held by the Society Agronomia Lusitana.  The Society has provided access free of charge.
 6) Copyright for the Races and Populations of Maize in Yugoslavia is held by the International Plant Genetics Resources Institute
     (IPGRI), formerly the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources  (IBPGR); has provided access to the document free of charge.
 7) Copyrights for the I Mais Boliviani and the Cat?logo de Recursos Genéticos de Maiz de Argentina are held by the Instituto Agronomico
     per L'Oltremare (IAO) Firenze.  IAO has provided the document free of charge.
 8) Copyright for the Races of Maize in Paraguay is shared by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and the Ministry of Agriculture of Paraguay;
     they have provided the document free of charge.
 9) Copyright for the Races of Corn by Goodman & Brown is held by the ASA/CSSA/SSA; Dr. Goodman and the ASA have granted access
     free of charge.
10) Permission for use of Dr. Enrique Sanchez-Monge's volume, the Razas de Maiz en España, was provided by the Ministerio de Agricultura
      Madrid and Dr. Sanchez-Monge, at no cost.
11) Copyright for the Collection and Characteristics of Races of Maize in Japan is held by the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences
      (NIAS), Tokyo, Japan..  Drs. M. Yamada Minoru and T. Shiga have authorized use of the volume for this project and provided
      access free of charge.
 12) Copyright for the Races of Maize in India is held by the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural
      Research.  Dr. B.S. Dhillon has authorized access on behalf of the organization free of charge, as has Dr. S.N. Shukla.
 13) Permission for use Catálogo de Recursos Genéticos de Maices Bolivianos was provided by the Centro de Investigaciones
      Fitoecogóneticas de Pairumani, Cochabamba, Bolivia and Dr. Gonzalo Avila, at not cost.
14) Permission for use Catálogo de Recursos Genéticos de Maiz de Chile was provided by the Instituto de Investigaciones
      Agropecuarias (INIA) and Dr. Paulina Sepulveda, free of charge.

Restrictions

All rights reserved. No part of these books may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Hardware and Software Used

In order to view the PDF documents, download Adobe Acrobat Reader here.

• Kodak Digital Science Scanner 1500D for the Scanning of the Races of Maize Books.
• Adobe Photoshop 7.0 for the editing of imaged before the application of OCR using Adobe Capture 3.04.
• Adobe Acrobat Capture 3.04 for the application of OCR and generation of  the PDF files.
• Adobe Acrobat 5.0 for the final touchups to the PDF, application of security, and optimization.
• Microsoft FrontPage 2002 for HTML layout and design.
• Microsoft Visual Basic 6 for automatically executing the Races of Maize user interface in Microsoft Windows^?.

Races of Maize Scanning Protocol

Settings for Adobe Capture 3.0

- Page-size:  Letter

- Brightness:  72%

- Contrast:  60%

- Single/Double-sided Documents:  Double

- Color Format:  Grayscale (256)  

- Resolution:  300 DPI

Naming (Manual):

RoM_country_publication_date.pdf where Races of Maize in Venezuela would be "RoM_Venezuela_1136_2002-04-05.pdf"

Document Info:

            Title = Name of book

            Author = Name of person who converted the document

Export to PDF step properties in the OCR workflow:

Page content = Searchable Image (Exact) - two layers 1) top layer is the image of the document and 2) the bottom layer is the text in the document

            Paper Size = Dynamic

            Advanced: Embed Fonts

                            Enable Links

                            Enable Logical Page Numbering

                            Enable Structure

Store File (PDF) step stores the file in a location of your choosing

-          Select Properties and browse for a folder to store the completed PDF document  

Pre-OCR step

The Kodak 1500D scanner does not scan with the custom settings in Adobe Capture 3.0. The workaround for this issue is to scan at letter size and then open each tiff file in Adobe Photoshop and crop the black borders away so as to decrease image size.  (The cropping tool in Adobe Acrobat 5.0 does not remove the cropped area, it simply hides it from view without decreasing the file size.)

Maize Book Scanning Steps: 

1)       Set up Adobe Capture settings. 

a.       In the OCR workflow, verify that all settings are correct. (Configure tab)

b.       Check the "Run" box. 

2)       Scan Tab.

a.       Verify that all settings are correct.

b.       Select "Send Tiff to Folder" and select a folder by browsing for a path (I find that it is easiest to create a new folder for every book).

c.       Name the File according to the above naming structure.  (you may have to toggle between Auto and Manual)

Use the One document per feeder load setting for the number of pages to scan

d.       Verify that the document will "start at the front of the document"

e.       Click on SCAN.

3)       The Kodak 1500D is a duplex scanner, so both sides of the book will be scanned at once.  Run the document through and each image will be scanned and named according to the page number and the side. (i.e. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b)

Now the .tif images of every page in the book have been scanned and stored in the folder selected in step 2b. 

4)       Pre-OCR Step

a.       Open all scanned imaged in Adobe Photoshop and crop the black borders and touch up the images with the eraser tool. 

b.       Save the files and close

5)       Submit Tiff images to workflow.

a.       In the Submit tab in Capture, navigate to the folder in which the .tif images from step 2b was stored. Check the box next to the folder.

b.       Select the images from the folder to be included in the file.  (Tip:  Use the "Treat files in the same folder as one document" option)

c.       Click on Submit To Workflow.

6)       The OCR workflow will run through the following steps:

a.       Capture Image - this is the OCR recognition step

                                                               i.      Automatically de-skews image

                                                             ii.      Outputs an ACP file (Adobe Capture Page)

b.       QuickFix Page - Here the user manually corrects any mistakes that the OCR made or is unsure of

                                                               i.      Verify or correct the suggested word based on the image of the word.

                                                             ii.      Commit the page and open the next after the page is done. F4 commits and opens the next page.

c.       Bind Pages - reassembles the multi-page document from one-page files that are the output of the Capture Image step.  Outputs the ACD file. (Adobe Capture Document)

d.       Export to PDF - Converts the ACD file to PDF - this step converts the file to a Searchable Image (Exact) file

e.       Store File (PDF) - Stores the PDF file in a location specified in the properties of the Store File (PDF) step

7)       Open the Stored PDF in Adobe Acrobat 5.0

a.       Crop document to clean up appearance (if needed)

b.       Set the starting page to the first page that is not scanned in color (page 3). This will result in a faster load time for the document.

                                                               i.      File / Document Properties / Open Options

c.       Apply Security

                                                               i.      File / Document Security

                                                             ii.      Select Adobe Standard Security

                                                            iii.      Encryption level 128 bit RC4 (Acrobat 5.x)

                                                            iv.      Check the following boxes:

1.       "Password required to change permissions and password"

2.       Changes allowed = None

3.       Printing = Fully allowed

4.       Enable Content Access for Visually Impaired

                                                              v.      Close  

d.       Save File

References

• 2nd Laboratory of Genetics, Division of Genetics, Department of Physiology and Genetics.  1979.  Collection and characteristics of Races of Maize in Japan.  National Institute of Agricultural Sciences.  Tokyo, Japan.
   
• Avila, G. and A. G. Brandolini.  1990.  I Mais Boliviani.  Istituto Agronomico per l'ol Tremare.  Firenze, Italy.
   
• Brieger, F.G., J.T.A. Gurgel, E. Paterniani, A. Blumenschein and M.R. Alleoni. 1958. Races of Maize in Braziland other eastern South American countries. Pub. 593. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Brown, W. L. 1960. Races of Maize in the West Indies. Pub. 792. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Costa Rodrigues L. 1971. Races of Maize of Portugal . Agronomia lusit:31: 239-284.
   
• Cristea, M.  1987.  Races of Maize in Romania.  Seed Publications.  Karachi, Pakistan.
   
• Cristea, M.  1977.  Rasele de Porumb din Romania.  Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania.  Calea Victoriei, Bucuresti.
   
• Cutler, H. C. 1946. Races of Maize in South America. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 12: 257-292.
   
• Geric, Ivan, Marija Zlokolica, and Cana Geric with Charles W. Stuber.  1989.  Races and Populations of Maize in Yugoslavia.  IBPGR, Rome.
   
• Goodman, M., and W. L. Brown. 1988. Races of corn. pp. 33-79. In G.F. Sprague and J.W. Dudley (eds.) Corn and corn improvement. 3^rd ed. Agron. Monogr. 18. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison WI.
   
• Grant, U.J., W. H. Hatheway, D. H. Timothy, C. Cassalett D. and L. M. Roberts. 1963. Races of Maize in Venezuela. Pub. 1136. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Grobman, A., W. Salhuana and R. Sevilla with P. C. Mangelsdorf. 1961. Races of Maize in Perú. Their origins, evolution and classification. Pub. 915. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Hatheway, W. H. 1957. Races of Maize in Cuba. Pub. 453. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• IAO (ed.). 1997. Catálogo de Germoplasma de Maíz-Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog?a Agropecuaria (INTA)/Istituto Agronomico per l'Oltramare (IAO). Firenze.
   
• Longley, Albert E. and Takeo A. Kato. Y.  Chromosome Morphology of Certain Races of Maize in Latin America.  International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat.  Chapingo, State of Mexico, Mexico.  1965.
   
• Paterniani E. and M. M. Goodman. 1977. Races of Maize in Braziland adjacent areas. CIMMYT, México D.F.
   
• Ramírez, E. R., D. H. Timothy, E. Diaz B. and U. J. Grant with G.E. Nicholson Calle, Edgar Anderson and W.L. Brown. 1960. Races of Maize in Bolivia. Pub. 747. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Roberts, L.M., U.J. Grant, R. Ram?rez E., W.H. Hatheway, and D.L. Smith, with P.C. Mangelsdorf. 1957. Races of Maize in Colombia. Pub. 510. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Salhuana, W., and V. Machado. 1999. Races of Maize in Paraguay . ARS/USDA and Maize Program of Paraguay. Special Publication.
   
• Salhuana, W.S. 2003. Diversidad y descripción de las razas de maíz en el Perú . pp. 204-251. In W, Salhuana, A. Valdez, F. Scheuch y J. Davelouis (eds.), Programa Cooperativo de Investigaciones en Maíz (PCIM), Logros y Perspectivas, 50th Aniversario . Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú.
   
• Sanchez-Monge Enrique. 1962. Razas de Maiz en España. Ministerio de Agricultura Madrid . Graficas Uquina.
   
• Singh E. . 1977. Races of Maize in India . Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi
   
• Timothy, D. H., B. Peña V. and R. Ramirez E., with W. L. Brown and E. Anderson. 1961. Races of Maize in Chile. Pub. 847. NAS-NRC, Washington.
   
• Timothy, D. H., W. H. Hatheway, U. J. Grant, M. Torregroza C., D. Sarria and D. Varela A. 1963. Races of Maize in Ecuador. Pub. 975. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C.
   
• Wellhausen, E.J., L.M. Roberts, and E. Hernández X., with P.C. Mangelsdorf. 1952. Races of Maize in México. The Bussey Inst., HarvardUniversity, Cambridge, MA.
   
• Wellhausen, E.J., A. Fuentes O. and A. Hernández C. with P.C. Mangelsdorf. 1957. Races of Maize in Central America. Pub. 511. NAS-NRC, Washington, DC.