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MONSOON'90 Co-Investigator Information

William P. Kustas

David C. Goodrich

David I. Stannard

Jim Washburne

James H. Blanford

Paul J. Pinter, Jr.

Pascale Dubois

Rachel T. Pinker

M. Susan Moran

Tom Schmugge

William P. Kustas
USDA-ARS Hydrology Lab
Bldg. 007, Rm. 104, BARC-WEST
Beltsville, MD 20705
Phone (301) 504-7490
FAX (301) 504-8931

Principal Investigator of the project. Research has focused on computing surface energy balance at the 8 METFLUX sites using the variance-residual method. Also investigated the utility of optical remote sensing data with a simple one-layer energy balance model for determining the spatial and temporal variation of the surface fluxes.

Selected Bibliography of MONSOON 90 Related Papers

Kustas, W.P., Goodrich, D.C, Moran, M.S., et al. 1991 An interdisciplinary field study of the energy and water fluxes in the atmosphere-biosphere system over semiarid rangelands: description and some preliminary results. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 72: 1683- 1705.

Kustas, W.P. , Moran, M.S., Pinter, P.J., Hipps, L.E., Swiatek, E., Stannard, D.I., Blanford, J.H. 1991. Issues in mapping evapotranspiration over large areas with remote sensing data from MONSOON 90. Volume of the Tenth Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology and the Special Session on Hydrometeorology. Sept 10-13 Salt Lake City UT Amer Meteol. Soc., 151-154.

Kustas, W.P., Perry, E.M. and Doraiswamy, P.C. 1991. MONSOON 90 - A remote sensing feasibility study of the energy and water balance of a semiarid basin. 42nd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation Oct 5-11 Montrael, CANADA IAF-91-160.

Schmugge, T., Jackson, T.J., Kustas, W.P., and Wang, J.R. 1992. Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture: results from HAPEX, FIFE and MONSOON 90. ISPRS J. Photo. Remote Sens. 47, 1-17.

Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D.I. and Blanford, J.H. 1991. Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance calculations during MONSOON 90. IGARSS 91 Espoo, Finland, June 3-6, pp. 33-37.

Humes, K.S., Kustas, W.P., and Moran M.S. 1991. Composite surface temperature, soil and vegetation component temperatures, and estimation of component contributions to sensible heat flux for a semi-arid shrub-dominated site. Volume of the Tenth Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology and the Special Session on Hydrometeorology. Sept 10-13 Salt Lake City, UT, Amer Meteorol. Soc., 191-194.

Moran M.S., Kustas, W.P., Bach, L.B., Weltz, M.A., Huete, A.R., and Amer, S.A. 1991. Use of remotely sensed spectral data for evaluation of hydrologic parameters in semiarid rangeland. Volume of the Tenth Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology and the Special Session on Hydrometeorology. Sept 10-13 Salt Lake City, UT, Amer Meteorol. Soc., 238-241.

Hipps, L.E., Swiatek, E. and Kustas, W.P. 1991. Effects of spatial variations in surface water balance on the surface-atmospheric boundary layer interactions in an arid region. Volume of the Tenth Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology and the Special Session on Hydrometeorology. Sept 10-13 Salt Lake City, UT, Amer Meteorol. Soc., 155-157

David C. Goodrich
USDA-ARS
Southwest Watershed Research Center
2000 E. Allen Road
Tucson, AZ 85719
(602) 670-6481
FAX (602) 670-5550/6493
E-mail: goodrich@ccit.arizona.edu

Project Interest and Data Collection Conducted:

Specialization in rainfall-runoff modeling over a range of scales and coupling of remotely sensed data with these models for both watershed model parameter estimates and input of initial soil moisture state. Additional interests include assessment of remotely sensed data collected over a range of scales for pixel averaging properties and spatial correlation structure.

Data collection I was involved in included:

1. Daily gravimetric soil moisture at the 8 METFLUX sites and several addition raingages.

2. Supervision of the reduction of storm event total precipitation at all USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed raingage locations (85).

3. Supervision of the reduction of runoff from several small subwatershed within the MONSOON'90 study region.

4. Basic mapping considerations including the location of METFLUX sites and placement and locating of aircraft targets and markers for flight lines.

Selected References Relevant to the Project:

Goodrich, D. C., Woolhiser, D. A., and Unkrich, C. L. Rainfall- Sampling Impacts on Runoff. Proc. ASCE International Sympos. Hydraulic/Hydrology of Arid Lands, San Diego, CA., 519-524. July 30-Aug. 3, 1990.

Smith, R. E., Goodrich, D. C., and Woolhiser, D. A. Areal effective infiltration dynamics for runoff on small catchments. Trans. 14th Inter. Congress of Soil Sci., Volume I: Commission I, p. 22-27, Kyoto, Japan. Aug. 1990.

Woolhiser, D. A., Smith, R. E., and Goodrich, D. C. KINEROS - A kinematic runoff and erosion model; documentation and user manual. USDA-ARS, Pub. ARS-77, 130 p. 1990.

Goodrich, D. C., Kerr, Y., and Sorooshian, S. Utilization of Eos data in quantifying the processes controlling the hydrologic cycle in arid/semi-arid regions. EOS. 71(43):1334. 1990. (Abstract)

Kustas, W. P., Schmugge, T. J., Jackson, T. J., Moran, M. S, Pinter, P. J., Jr., Goodrich, D. C., Bach, L. B., Weltz, M. A., Stannard, D., and Hipps, L. E. MONSOON '90 - An energy and water balance study of a semiarid basin. EOS. 71(43):1333. 1990.
(Abstract)

Goodrich, D. C., Basin scale and runoff model complexity. Univ. of Arizona, Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resour. Tech. Rep. No. HWR 91-010, 361 p., June, 1991.

Kustas, W. P., Goodrich, D. C., Moran, M. S., Bach, L. B., Blandford, J. H., Chehbouni, A., Claassen, H., Clements, W. E., Doraiswamy, P. C., Dubois, P., Clarke, T. R., Daughtry, C. S. T., Gellman, D., Hipps, L. E., Huete, A. R., Humes, K. S., Jackson, T. J., Nichols, W. D., Parry, R., Perry, E. M., Pinker, R. T., Pinter, P. J., Jr., Qi, J., Riggs, A., Schmugge, T. J., Shutko, A. M., Stannard, D. I., Swiatek, E., Vidal, A., Washburne, J., and Weltz, M. A., An interdisciplinary field study of the energy and water fluxes in the atmosphere-biosphere system over semiarid rangelands: Description and some preliminary results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 12(11):1683-1706, 1991.

Goodrich, D. C, Bach, L. B., Weltz, M. A., Jackson, T. J, Schmugge, T. J., Keefer, T. O., Amer, S. A., and Unkrich, C. L., Preliminary runoff simulation sensitivity to various measures of initial soil water content. Proc. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 20th Conf. on Agric. and Forest Meteor., Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 170-173, Sept, 1991.

Jackson, T. J., Shutko, A. M., Shiue, J. C., Schmugge, T. J., Davis, D. R., Parry, R., Haldin, A., Reutov, E., Novichikhin, E., Liberman, B., Kustas, W. P, Goodrich, D. C., Amer, S. B., Bach, L. B., and Ritchie, J. C., Soil moisture observations using multifrequency passive microwave sensors in a arid rangeland environment: A cooperative US-USSR experiment. Proc. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 20th Conf. on Agric. and Forest Meteor., Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 174-177, Sept, 1991.

Goodrich, D. C., Woolhiser, D.A., and Sorooshian, S., Basin Response as a Function of Scale in the Semi-Arid USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Watershed. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. Oct. 29, p. 197. (Abstract)

Jackson, T. J., Schmugge, T. J., Parry, R., Kustas, W. P., Ritchie, J. C., Shutko, A. M., Haldin, A., Reutov, E., Novichikhin, E., Liberman, B., Shiue, J. C., Davis, D. R., Goodrich, D. C., Amer, S. B., and Bach, L. B. Multifrequency passive microwave observations of soil moisture in an arid rangeland environment. Int. J. of Remote Sensing, 13(3):573-580, 1992.

Schmugge, T., T. J. Jackson, D. C. Goodrich, and S. A. Amer, PBMR observations of surface soil moisture in MONSOON 90. Proc. of the IGARSS'92 symposium, Houston, TX, June, 1992.

Goodrich, D. C., T. J. Schmugge, T. J. Jackson, C. L. Unkrich, T. O. Keefer, L. B. Bach, R. Parry, and S.A. Amer, Runoff Simulation Sensitivity to Remotely Sensed Initial Soil Water Content (submitted to Water Resources Research for the Special Section on MONSOON 90)

Kustas, W. P. and D. C. Goodrich, Preface to the Special Section on MONSOON 90. (ARS Peer Reviews Completed, submitted to Water Resources Research)

Schmugge, T., T. J. Jackson, D. C. Goodrich, and S. A. Amer, PBMR observations of surface soil moisture in MONSOON 90 (submitted to Water Resources Research for the Special Section on MONSOON 90).

Investigator: David I. Stannard
Address: U. S. Geological Survey, WRD
MS 413, Bldg. 53
Denver Federal Center
Lakewood, CO 80225
Phone: 303-236-4983
Fax: 303-236-5034
E-mail: distanna@dcolka.cr.usgs.gov

Interests: Partitioning of evapotranspiration at Lucky Hills into transpiration from each of the four predominant species, and bare-soil evaporation.

Interests: Methods of scaling up micromet measurements of evapotranspiration and other surface fluxes into basin and regional values. Measurement strategies in sparse canopies and complex terrain.

Investigator: Jim Washburne
jwash@hwr.arizona.edu
(602) 621-9360
FAX (- 1422)
Address: Dept. Hydro. & Water Resources
Univ. of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721

Data location: Kendall ground transect grid, SW and SE quadrants

Period covered: DOY 204-222, 1990

UTM location: 600288, 3511498 (approx)

Type of measurement: surface temperature, walking transect, avg by quadrant

Instrument: Everest 15 deg. infrared thermometer (IRT), emissivity set to .98

Calibration: IRT was compared with Blackbody in field but NO CAL WAS APPLIED!

Algorithms used: simple average of 192 meas. (12 moving meas. every 30m x 16/quad)

References: see: MORAN, M.S. and CLARKE, T.R. (1990), Ground-based spectral and meteorological measurements at Kendall and Lucky Hills, Walnut Gulch Report, U.S.W.C.L., Phoenix, 35 p.

James H. Blanford

Date: Apr 12,1994
Monsoon 90
METFLUX Data

INTRODUCTION

Local meteorological, energy flux, radiation and soil temperature and moisture conditions were monitored at eight sites at Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in July and August of 1990. The data was sampled and automatically stored in digital form on a Campbell Scientific, Inc. (CSI) CR-10 measurement and control device. All thermocouple measurements were referenced to CSI model 107 thermistor probes. Nearly complete records are available from DOY 202 (July 21) through DOY 226 (August 14) inclusive for all sites. Individual sites have data available from DOY 196-227 at sites #6 and #7, DOY 197-227 at site #8, DOY 197-228 at site #1, DOY 198-227 at sites #2, #3 and #4 and DOY 201-228 at site #5. Site #5, at Kendall, has limited data available beginning on DOY 80 (March 21) of 1990 and site #1, at Lucky Hills, beginning on DOY 94 (April 4) that is not part of the Monsoon 90 data set. These same two sites have been monitored ever since with various configurations of sensors.

The precise location and elevation of these sites have been determined based on orthophoto maps provided by the ARS-Tucson. They can also be identified by their proximity to existing rain gauges operated by the ARS at Walnut Gulch.

SITE IDENTIFICATION

Site # Rain Gauge
1 Lucky Hills 2 71
3 38
4 89
5 Kendall
6 57
7 40
8 28

PRIMARY DATA FILES

The above mentioned data is contained in ASCII data files, with one file per day at each site. The files are named WGxxxy.DAT, where xxx = the day of year and y = the site #. The files for sites 2,3 and 4 contain 72 rows (one for each 20 min time period throughout the day) and 22 columns. The files for sites 6,7 and 8 contain 72 rows and 27 columns. The files for sites 1 and 5 contain 72 rows and 32 columns. A given column in any file contains the same category of information. Thus, the data is best explained in a column by column description. Abbreviated column headings are available in the file WGCOLHD.DOC. Where data is missing unavailable or unreliable, an entry equal to 9999 is entered. The first column is a one digit ASCII integer, the second column is a three digit ASCII integer, the remaining columns are real numbers. All rows of any given column have the same width. Linear interpolation was used on occasion to fill in short time gaps in the data so that a continuous record can be made available. Commonly, these gaps were due to instrument maintanence and modification. Since the data is highly serially correlated, the interpolated value should be an excellent approximation of the true average. Gaps also occur when wet, bare-wire thermocouples are exposed to large local voltage gradients caused by inclement and threatening weather. At these times, conditions usually change rapidly and the data is not so highly serially correlated. Nevertheless, since any average is likely to be a poor representation when conditions are changing, the interpolated value is not likely to be any worse than an average. This interpolation process was used for gaps no longer than one hour and for no more than 10% of the data points for any single day. Longer gaps were left unfilled. If there was any doubt as to the validity of an interpolation, it was not performed.

Column #
1 Site # (redundant with file name)
2 Day of Year (redundant with file name)
3 Fractional Hour of Day of the middle of the data averaging period, e.g. 6:30 pm is recorded as 18.50. Wind speed and direction monitored with an R.M. Young Wind Sentry Anemometer and Vane. This instrument contains the more sensitive unsealed bearings and the cup anemometer has a start up threshhold of 0.5 m s-1. The wind vector information is computed solely by vector addition of all the samples taken during the averaging period.

4 Mean Horizontal Wind Speed. Obtained with a cup anemometer at 4 m. [m/s]

5 Resulatant Wind Vector Magnitude. [m/s]

6 Resultant Wind Vector Direction. [ from true north]

7 Standard deviation of wind direction [] All thermocouple readings reflect a claimed bias of less generally than ±0.2C of the reference temperature and random noise estimated to be about ±0.1C.

8 Ground Temperature at -2.5 cm. Obtained from an insulated copper-constantan thermocouple. [C]

9 Ground Temperature at -2.5 cm.

10 Ground Temperature at -2.5 cm.

11 Ground Temperature at -5.0 cm.

12 Ground Temperature at -5.0 cm.

13 Ground Temperature at -15 cm.

14 Soil Heat Flux towards the surface at -5.0 cm. Obtained with a Radiation Energy Balance Systems thermopile disk. [W m-2]

15 Soil Heat Flux at -5.0 cm.

16 Soil Heat Flux at -5.0 cm. Calibration of the IRTs is still in progress. It may be expected that their accuracy varies considerably from ome instrument to another and depends on the temperature of the instrument itself as well as the surface temperature. Errors may be as great as several degrees, but are probably only a degree or two under normal conditions.

17 Surface Temperature. Obtained with an Everest fixed head Infra-Red Thermometer. [C].

18 Temperature of the infra-red thermometer body. obtained from an insulated copper-constantan thermocouple. [C] Calibration of net radiometers is difficult and uncertain for the same reasons as for IRTs, that is, measurement of long wave radiation is greatly complicated by the emmissions of the instrument itself. Based on extensive intercomparisons with other net radiometers, pyranometers, pyrgeometers and IRTs, I would estimate that the net radiometers could be in error as much as ±10% or ±40 W m-2, whichever is greater.

19 Net Radiation. Obtained with a REBS Q*6 net radiometer. [W m-2]. Adjusted by linear least squares regression to standard at Beltsville, Maryland in the summer of 1991. For details see Dr. William Kustas. The pyranometers varied by about ±2.5% depending on the source of the ballast resistor. Those obtained directly from Li-Cor were adjusted by 0.98 and those obtained through CSI were adjusted by 0.96. These adjustments were based on a comparison with a recently calibrated precision Eppley radiometer. For details see Dr. William Kustas. It is expected that this adjustment gives them an accuracy of about ±2.0%.

20 Downward Short Wave Radiation. Obtained with a Li-Cor silicon pyranometer. [W m-2]

21 Air Temperature at 4 m. Obtained with a .075 mm chromel- constantan thermocouple. [C]

22 Standard Deviation of above. [C]

23 Air Temperature at 9 m. Obtained with a .025 or .075 mm chromel-constantan thermocouple. [C]

24 Standard Deviation of above. [C] The eddy-correlation sensors, especially the vertical wind speed propeller are simple, robust sensors that are known to have limited frequency response and so can not be expected to be able to completely characterize the eddy flux transport of sensible heat. Their accuracy, then, is best assesed by comparison with more sophisticated sensors such as a sonic anemometer. For a discussion of the frequency response correction scheme that was applied to the following data and the effects of propeller stalling at low vertical wind speed, see Blanford and Gay, 1992. For comparisons with sonic anemometers, see Blanford and Stannard, 1991, and Stannard, Blanford, et al., in press.

25 Sensible Heat Flux. Obtained by eddy-correlation of air temperature at 9 m with vertical wind speed. [W m-2]

26 Mean Vertical Wind Speed. Obtained with a Gill propeller anemometer. [m s-1]

27 Standard Deviation of above. [m s-1] Since the Monsoon 90 experiment, the temperature sensor at two meters has drifted quite high during the day (2-4 C) and the relative humidity sensor has compressed all readings into the range of 5% to 90%. This cautionary note should not affect this data set, but indicates that the quality of this combination sensor is low. Still the accuracy of the temperature should be the same as the similar sensors that measure the thermocouple reference temperature (±0.2 C). Comparisons with psychrometers indicates that the accuracy of the relative humidity sensor is about ±5%.

28 Air Temperature at 2 m. Obtained with a thermistor probe contained in a Gill radiation shield. [C]

29 Relative Humidity at 2m. Obtained with a capacitive sensor in a Gill shield. [%] Based on our experience with the similar Li-Cor pyranometers, I would expect that the accuracy of the PAR sensors should be ±3%.

30 Downward Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). Obtained with a Li-Cor silicon PAR meter. [micromoles m-2 s-1]

31 Reflected PAR. Obtained as above. [micromoles m-2 s-1] The Eppley pyranometer should be accurate to ±1%.

32 Downward Short Wave Radiation. Obtained with a precision Eppley pyranometer. [W m-2]

ADDITIONAL DATA

An energy balance summary is being prepared that will compute latent energy of evaporation based on sensible heat flux, H, net radiation, Rn, ground heat flux G, and near-surface heat storage, S. The energy used in evapotranspiration may then be calculated as the residual energy, LE=-H-G-Rn+S. The file names are in the format WGxEB.DAT, where x= the site #. All energy flux units are W m-2.

Soil moisture information was collected using fiberglass resistive sensors with three at -2.5 cm and three at -5.0 cm at each site. This data will be available pending final calibration and verification by the ARS, Tucson, AZ.

1 Day of Year (redundant with file name)
2 Fractional Hour of Day of the middle of the data averaging period, e.g. 6:30 pm is recorded as 18.50.
3 Latent Energy. As described above.
4 Net Radiation. Obtained with a REBS Q*6 net radiometer. [W m-2]. Adjusted by linear least squares regression to standard at Beltsville, Maryland in the summer of 1991. For details see Dr. William Kustas.

5 Total soil heat flux. This is the mean of columns 14,15 and 16 in the primary data files minus the near surface heat storage computed by the change in temperature of near surface temperature sensors and an assumed soil heat capacity of 1.5 J cm-3. The eddy-correlation sensors, especially the vertical wind speed propeller are simple, robust sensors that are known to have limited frequency response and so can not be expected to be able to completely characterize the eddy flux transport of sensible heat. Their accuracy, then, is best assesed by comparison with more sophisticated sensors such as a sonic anemometer. For a discussion of the frequency response correction scheme that was applied to the following data and the effects of propeller stalling at low vertical wind speed, see Blanford and Gay, 1992. For comparisons with sonic anemometers, see Blanford and Stannard, 1991, and Stannard, Blanford, et al., in press.

6 Sensible Heat Flux. Obtained by eddy-correlation of air temperature at 9 m with vertical wind speed. [W m-2]

References:

Blanford and Gay, 1992 is scheduled for publication in Theoretical and Applied Climatology by early 1993.

Blanford and Stannard, 1991 has an extended abstract in the preprints of the Special Session on Hydrometeorology that took place September 10-13, 1991 at Salt Lake City and is available from the AMS.

Stannard, Blanford et al. will probably be published as part of a special issue on Monsoon '90 in Water Resources Research later in 1993.

Biosketch: Paul J. Pinter, Jr.

Position:
Research Biologist, Environmental and Plant Dynamics Research Group
U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory
USDA, Agricultural Research Service
4331 East Broadway Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85040.
Telephone (602) 379-4356; Fax (602) 379-4355.

Education:
PhD., Zoology, 1976, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
M.S., Zoology, 1969, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
Professional Experience: 1983 - present: Research Biologist, U.S. Water Conservation Lab
1977-83: Research Entomologist, U.S. Water Conservation Lab

Professional Societies:
American Society of Agronomy
American Society of Photogrammetry
Crop Science Society of America
Society of Sigma Xi

Research Interests:

Remote sensing technology for agricultural research and resource management purposes. Research has been conducted using ground-, and aircraft-based sensors configured to measure reflected or emitted energy in the same wavelengths as contemporary resource management satellite systems, high resolution spectroradiometers, and thermal scanners. Experiments have documented correlation between spectral vegetation indices and agronomic properties such as percentage ground, cover, biomass, leaf area index, and canopy senescence, and biophysical processes such as crop growth rates, interception of photosynthetically active radiation, and light use efficiency. These techniques are now finding research applications in non-destructive estimates of plant growth in energy balance, livestock grazing and CO2/global change studies. Specific accomplishments in the thermal infrared region include participation in the team effort that developed the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), a widely utilized parameter for quantifying plant water status, and use of radiant canopy temperatures for monitoring crop evapotranspiration rates, detecting pathogenic diseases in plants and screening cultivars for differences in water use and drought resistance.

Served as Co-editor with Dr. William Dugas for a special issue of Agriculture and Forest Meteorology (1994 in press) in which 21 manuscripts describing the Free-Air carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments with cotton will be published. Also served as Co- editor with Dr. Susan Moran for a special issue of Remote Sensing of Environment in which 15 manuscripts resulting from the Remote Sensing of Soils and Vegetation Workshop (Tempe, Arizona in January, 1993) honoring research accomplishments of Dr. Ray Jackson will be published.

Paul J. Pinter, Jr., publications over the past five years (1989-1993):

Clawson, K.L., Jackson, R.D., and Pinter Jr., P.J. 1989. Evaluating plant water stress with canopy temperature differences. Agron. J. 81(6):858-863.

Inoue, Y., Kimball, B.A., Jackson, R.D., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Reginato, R.J. 1990. Remote estimation of leaf transpiration rate and stomatal resistance based on infrared thermometry. Agric. & Forest Meteorology. 51:21-33.

Pinter Jr., P.J., Zipoli, G., Reginato, R.J., Jackson, R.D., Idso, S.B., and Hohman, J.P. 1990. Canopy temperature as an indicator of differential water use and yield performance among wheat cultivars. Agric. Water Mgmt. 18:35-48.

Kustas, W.P., Choudhury, B.J., Inoue, Y., Pinter Jr., P.J., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., and Reginato, R.J. 1990. Ground and aircraft infrared observations over a partially vegetated area. Int. J. Remote Sensing. 11(3):409-427.

Maas, S.J., Jackson, R.D., Idso, S.B., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Reginato, R.J. 1989. Incorporation of remotely-sensed indicators of water stress in a crop growth simulation model. p. 228-231. In Proc. 19th Conf. on Agric. and For. Met.

Moran, M.S., Pinter Jr., P.J., Clothier, B.E., and Allen, S.G. 1989. Effect of water stress on the canopy architecture and spectral indices of irrigated alfalfa. Remote Sensing Environ. 29:251-261.

Rhoades, J.D., Bingham, F.T., Letey, J., Hoffman, G.J., Dedrick, A.R., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Replogle, J.A. 1989. Use of Saline Drainage Water for Irrigation: Imperial Valley Study. Agric. Water Mgmt. 16:25-36.

Mitchell, A.R., Pinter Jr., P.J., Guerrero, J.N., Hernandez, C.B., and Marble, V.L. 1990. Spectral reflectance measurements of alfalfa under sheep grazing. Agron. J. 82(6):1098-1103.

Inoue, Y., Jackson, R.D., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Reginato, R.J. 1989. Influences of extractable soil water and vapor pressure deficit on transpiration and stomatal resistance in differentially irrigated wheat. Japanese J. Crop Sci. 58(3):430-437.

Pinter Jr., P.J., Anderson, R.J., Kimball, B.A., and Mauney, J.R. 1990. In situ measurements of canopy reflectance for evaluating cotton responses to free air carbon dioxide enrichment. p. 717-719. In J. M. Brown and D. A. Richter (ed.) National Cotton Council of America. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod Conf., Las Vegas, NV. 09-14 Jan. 1990.

Idso, S.B., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Reginato, R.J. 1990. Non-water-stressed baselines: The importance of site selection for air temperature and air vapour pressure deficit measurements. Agric. & Forest Meteorology. 53:73-80.

Inoue, Y., Kimball, B.A., Mauney, J.R., Jackson, R.D., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Reginato, R.J. 1990. Stomatal behavior and relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration in field-grown cotton as affected by CO2 enrichment. Japanese J. Crop Sci. 59(3):510-517.

Daughtry, C.S.T., Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Pinter Jr., P.J., Jackson, R.D., Nichols, W.D., Brown, P.W., and Gay, L.W. 1990. Spectral estimates of net radiation and soil heat flux. Remote Sensing Environ. 32:111-124.

Matthias, A.D., Kustas, W.P., Gay, L.W., Cooper, D., Alves, L., and Pinter Jr., P.J. 1990. Aerodynamic parameters for a sparsely roughened surface composed of small cotton plants and ridged soil. Remote Sensing Environ. 32:143-153.

Pinter Jr., P.J., Moran, M.S., and Jackson, R.D. 1990. Bidirectional reflectance factors of agricultural targets: A comparison of ground-, aircraft-, and satellite-based observations. Remote Sensing Environ. 32:215-228.

Kimball, B.A., Pinter Jr., P.J., and Mauney, J.R. 1992. Cotton leaf and boll temperatures in the 1989 Face Experiment. Critical Review in Plant Sciences. 11(2-3):233-240. Also published; Chap. 14, p. 233-240. IN: G. R. Hendrey (ed.) FACE: Free-Air CO2 Enrichment for Plant Response in the Field. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 1993.

Pinter Jr., P.J., Anderson, R.J., Kimball, B.A., and Mauney, J.R. 1992. Evaluating cotton response to free air carbon dioxide enrichment with canopy reflectance observations. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 11:241-250. Also published; Chap. 15, p. 241-250. IN: G. R. Hendrey (ed.) FACE: Free-Air CO2 Enrichment for Plant Research in the Field. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1993.

Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Pinter Jr., P.J., Hipps, L.E., Swiatek, E., Stannard, D.I., and Blanford, J.H. 1991. Issues in mapping evapotranspiration over large areas with remote sensing data from monsoon 90. p. 151-154. In Proc. 10th Conf. on Biometeorology & Aerobiology, Special session on Hydrometeorology, Salt Lake City UT. 10-13 Sep 1991. Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, MA.

Wiegand, C.L., Maas, S.J., Aase, J.K., Hatfield, J.L., Pinter Jr., P.J., Jackson, R.D., Kanemasu, E.T., and Lapitan, R.L. 1992. Multisite analyses of spectral-biophysical data for wheat. Remote Sensing Environ. 42:1-21.

Kustas, W.P., Goodrich, D.C., Moran, M.S., Amer, S.A., Bach, L.B., Blanford, J.H., Chehbouni, A., Claassen, H., Clements, W.E., Doraiswamy, P.C., Dubois, P., Clarke, T.R., Daughtry, C.S. T., Gellman, D.I., Grant, T.A., Hipps, L.E., Huete, A.R., Humes, K.S., Jackson, T.J., Keefer, T.O., Nichols, W.D., Parry, R., Perry, E.M., Pinker, R.T., Pinter Jr., P.J., Qi, J., Riggs, A.C., Schmugge, T.J., Shutko, A.M., Stannard, D.I., Swiatek, E., van Leeuwen, J.D., van Zyl, J., Vidal, A., Washburne, J., and Weltz, M.A. 1992. An interdisciplinary field study of the energy and water fluxes in the atmosphere-biosphere system over semiarid rangelands: Description and some preliminary results. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 72(11):1682-1705.

Pinter Jr., P.J. 1993. Solar angle independence in the relationship between absolute PAR and remotely sensed data for alfalfa. Remote Sensing Environ. 46:19-25.

Hatfield, J.L., and Pinter Jr., P.J. 1993. Remote sensing for crop protection. Crop Protection. 12(6):403-414.

Idso, S.B., Kimball, B.A., Wall, G.W., Garcia, R.L., Lamorte, R., Pinter Jr., P.J., Mauney, J.R., Hendrey, G.R., Lewin, K., and Nagy, J. Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the light response curve of net photosynthesis in cotton leaves. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. (In press)

Kimball, B.A., Lamorte, R.L., Seay, R.S., Pinter Jr., P.J., Rokey, R., Hunsaker, D.J., Dugas, W.A., Heuer, M.L., Mauney, J.R., and Hendrey, G.R. Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment on energy balance and evapotranspiration. Agric. and Forest Met. (in press)

Pinter J., P.J., Idso, S.B., Hendrix, D.L., Rokey, R., Rauschkolb, R.S., Mauney, J.R., Kimball, B.A., Hendrey, G.R., Lewin, K.F., and Nagy, J. Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the chlorophyll content of cotton leaves. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. (in press)

Pinter Jr., P.J., Kimball, B.A., Mauney, J.R., Hendrey, G.R., Lewin, K.F., and Nagy, J. Effects of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment on par absorption and conversion efficiency by cotton. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. (in press)

Dugas, W.A. and Pinter, Jr., P.J. Introduction to the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) cotton project. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. (in press)

Moran, M.S., Maas, S.J., and Pinter Jr., P.J. Combining remote sensing and modeling for estimating surface evaporation and biomass production. J. of Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

Pascale Dubois

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
MS 300-243
4800 Oak Grove Ave
Pasadena CA 91109
Tel: (818) 354 0497
Fax : (818) 393 6943
E-Mail: pascale@blacks.jpl.nasa.gov

Our current interest includes development of algorithms for soil moisture and biomass retrieval from SAR data. We have submitted a paper in WRR: "Monsoon '90: Preliminary SAR results".

The following is the abstract of the paper:

This paper presents the preliminary results of the AIRSAR campain during Monsoon'90 experiment. Monsoon'90 is a multisensor remote sensing and field campaign designed to evaluate remote sensing as a measurement means for geophysical parameters pertinent to the surface atmosphere interactions over arid and semiarid rangelands. Active microwave remote sensing has been shown to be sensitive to soil moisture and to vegetation characteristics, e.g. biomass. Extracting such parameters from SAR data is still at a development stage and the Monsoon SAR experiment goal was to study the feasability and accuracy of such inversion algorithms. The experiment was held over the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed , Arizona during the Monsoon season. Two main vegetation types dominate the watershed: desert grasslands and desert shrub stepps. It is shown that the SAR data can discriminate accurately between these two vegetation types and that, in this case, vegetation and soil moisture effects on backscatter can be decoupled with the help of polarimetry. In particular, temporal changesin backscatter are shown to be due to changes in the vegetation and not in soil moisture. The results are in good agreement with the in situ measurements.

I have included in the next paragraph, a list of papers relevant to the SAR data. The first paper describes the coding of the data, the second paper describes the AIRSAR system. The rest of the papers are concerned with applications of SAR data to various fields like geology, hydrology and so on.

List of Related Papers:

"Data Volume reduction for imaging radar polarimeter", P. Dubois, L. Norikane, J. van Zyl, H. Zebker, 1989 IEEE AP-S International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Proceedings Vol III, pp1354-1357.

" The NASA/JPL three-frequency polarimetric AIRSAR system", J van Zyl, R. Carande, Y. Lou, T. Miller and K. Wheeler, IGARSS'92 symposium proceedings, Houston, Tx, pp 649-651

" Inference of soil moisture from imaging radar data", J. van Zyl, P. Dubois, J. Soares, J. Shi, E. Engman, URSI Microwave signature -92 IGLS conference proceedings, Innsbruck, July '92, 2D24-2D26.

" Unsupervised Classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data" J. van Zyl, IEEE transactions on Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol27, No.1, January 1989.

" Radar Polarimetry: Analysis tools and applications", D. Evans, T. Farr, J. van Zyl, H. Zebker, IEEE transactions on Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol.26, No.6, November 88.

" An empirical model and an inversion technique for radar scattering from bare soil surface", Yisok Oh, K. Sarabandi, F. Ulaby, IEEE transactions on Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol. 30, No.2, March 1992.

" Imaging Radar Polarimetry: A review", H. Zebker, J. van Zyl, IEEE proceedings, Vol. 79, No 11, 1991

" Calibrated Imaging Radar Polarimetry: techniques, examples and applications", H. Zebker, J. van Zyl, S. Durden, L. Norikane, IEEE transactions on Geoscience and remote sensing, Vol. 29, No.6, November 1991.

1. Rachel T. Pinker
Department of Meteorology
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
TEL: 301-405-5380
FAX: 301-314-9482
E-Mail: pinker@atmos.umd.edu

2. Description of Research

Surface radiation budget over an extended area including the Walnut Gulch.

3. Bibliography:

Pinker, R. T., W. P. Kustas, I. Laszlo, M. S. Moran and A. R. Huete, 1992. Satellite surface radiation budgets on basin scale in semi-arid regions. Submitted to WRR.

Name: M. Susan Moran
Position: Physical Scientist, Environmental and Plant Dynamics
Research Group, U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, USDA,
Agricultural Research Service, 4331 E. Broadway, Phoenix,
Arizona 85040 Phone: 602-670-6481 Fax.: 602-670-6493

Education: Ph.D., Soil Physics, 1990, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Az.
M.S., Geography, 1982, U.C.S.B., Santa Barbara, Ca.
B.S., Geography, 1976, S.D.S.U., San Diego, Ca.

Professional Experience:
1984-present: Phys. Sci., U.S. Water Cons. Lab., Phoenix, Az.
1991-present: Adjunct Prof., U.A. Dept. of Soil/Water Sci., Tucson, Az.
1983-1984: Programmer Analyst, Dynacomp, Inc., Phoenix, Az.
1982-1983: Res. Proj. Manager, Office of Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, Az.
1980-1982: Graduate Res. Asst., U.C.S.B., Santa Barbara, Ca.

Professional Societies:
American Meteorological Society
American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
American Society of Agronomy
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Soil Science Society of America

Fellowships and Awards:
1981 Research Grant Award from Cal Space Institute, Pasadena, Ca.
1982 Instructional Grant Award from U.C.S.B., Santa Barbara, Ca.
1986 Scholarship Award from U.S. Fed. Women's Prog., Phoenix, Az.
1987,1991,1993 Grant Award USDA Off. of Intl. Coop. Dev., Wash. DC
1990 Res. Grant Award from NASA Interdis. Res. Prog. in Earth Sci.
1990 Member Gamma Sigma Delta, Honor Soc. of Agric., Az. Chapter
1992 Scientific Merit Award, Agric. Research Service, Phoenix, Az.
1992 Research Grant Award from NASA/Eos Interdis. Sci. Prog.
1993 USDA-ARS Remote Sensing Tech. Trans. Award
1994 Research Grant Award from Natl. Sci. Foundation
1994 USDA-ARS Research Grant Award
1994 Res. Grant Award from Elec. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, Ca.

Research Interests:

Evaluating energy balance and water balance by combining remote sensing and simulation modeling at local, regional and global scales. Detection of physical and biological stress in vegetation using direct and remote means. Theoretical and practical aspects of spectral reflectance and emittance from crops and rangelands. In-flight calibration of satellite- based sensors. Merging optical and microwave remote sensing techniques to enhance estimates of surface evaporation and soil moisture.

Refereed Journal Articles related to Monsoon'90

21. Moran, M.S., R.D. Jackson and R.J. Reginato (1992) Evaluating evaporation from rangeland vegetation using airborne radiometry and ground-based meteorological data, IN Evapotranspiration Measurements of Native Vegetation, Owens Valley, California, June 1986, USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 91-4159, USGS, Sacramento, Ca., p. 71- 80.

23. Moran, M.S., W.P. Kustas, A. Vidal, D.I. Stannard, J.H. Blanford and W.D. Nichols (1992) Use of remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland, Water Resource Res. (in press).

24. Moran, M.S., T.R. Clarke, W.P. Kustas, L. Bach, M. Weltz, S.A. Amer and A. R. Huete (1992) Evaluation of hydrologic parameters in semiarid rangeland using remotely sensed spectral data, Water Resource Res. (in press).

25. Perry, E.M. and M.S. Moran (1992) An evaluation of atmospheric corrections of radiometric surface temperatures for the Monsoon'90 field program, Water Resource Res. (in press).

26. Kustas, W.P., M.S. Moran, K.S. Humes, L.E. Hipps, D.I. Stannard, D.C. Goodrich, E. Swiatek, M.A. Weltz, and J.H. Blanford (1992) Evapotranspiration estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing data collected from an aircraft platform over semiarid rangelands, Water Resource Res. (in press).

27. Pinker, R.T., W.P. Kustas, I. Laszlo, M.S. Moran and A.R. Huete (1992) Satellite surface radiation budgets on basin scale in semiarid regions, Water Resource Res. (in press).

28. Humes, K.S., W.P. Kustas, M.S. Moran, W.D. Nichols and M.A. Weltz (1992) Variability in emissivity and surface temperature over a sparsely vegetated surface, Water Resource Res. (in press).

29. Humes, K.S., W.P. Kustas and M.S. Moran (1992) Use of remote sensing and reference site measurements to estimate instantaneous surface energy balance components over a semi- arid rangeland watershed, Water Resource Res. (in press).

30. Kustas, W.P., E.M. Perry, P.C. Doraiswamy and M.S. Moran (1993) Using satellite remote sensing to extrapolate evapotranspiration estimates in time and space over a semiarid rangeland basin, Remote Sens. Environ. (in press).

Conference Proceedings

21. Moran, M.S., W.P. Kustas, A. Vidal, D.I. Stannard and J. Blanford (1991) Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance calculations during Monsoon'90, Proc. IEEE Geosci. and Rem. Sens. Symp., 3-6 June, Espoo, Finland, pp. 33-37.

22. Moran, M.S., W.P. Kustas, L.B. Bach, M.A. Weltz, A.R. Huete and S.A. Amer (1991) Use of remotely sensed spectral data for evaluation of hydrologic parameters in semiarid rangeland, Proc. 20th Conf. on Ag. and For. Meteorol. and 10th Conf. on Biometeorol. and Aerobiol., Spec. Session on Hydrometeorol., 10-13 Sept., Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 238-241.

23. Qi, J., A.R. Huete, T.R. Clarke, M.S. Moran and A. Chehbouni (1991) Solar and view angle interactions on bidirectional reflectance factors of a semi-arid region, Proc. 20th Conf. on Ag. and For. Meteorol. and 10th Conf. on Biometeorol. and Aerobiol., Spec. Session on Hydrometeorol., 10-13 Sept., Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 234-237.

24. Humes, K.S., W.P. Kustas and M.S. Moran (1991) Composite surface temperature, soil and vegetation component temperatures and estimation of component contributions to sensible heat flux for a semi-arid shrub-dominated site, Proc. 20th Conf. on Ag. and For. Meteorol. and 10th Conf. on Biometeorol. and Aerobiol., Spec. Session on Hydrometeorol., 10-13 Sept., Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 191-194.

25. Kustas, W.P., M.S. Moran, P.J. Pinter, Jr., L.E. Hipps, E. Swiatek, D.I. Stannard and J.H. Blanford (1991) Issues in mapping evapotranspiration over large areas with remote sensing data from Monsoon'90, Proc. 20th Conf. on Ag. and For. Meteorol. and 10th Conf. on Biometeorol. and Aerobiol., Spec. Session on Hydrometeorol., 10-13 Sept., Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 151-154.

30. Maas, S.J., M.S. Moran, M.A. Weltz and J.H. Blanford (1993) Model for simulating surface evaporation and biomass production utilizing routine meteorological and remote sensing data, Proc. of 1993 ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention, 16-18 Feb., New Orleans, La.

31. Moran, M.S., M.A. Weltz, A. Vidal, D.C. Goodrich, S.A. Amer, D.S. Ammon, K. Batchily, J. Blanford, T.R. Clarke, L. Eastman, D. Fox, D. Gellman, M. Hodshon-Yates, H. Hendy, A.R. Huete, T. Keefer, K. Kiesel, L. Lane, A.F. Rahman, S. Sorooshian, D. Troufleau, and J. Washburne (1993) Evaluating Energy Balance of semiarid Rangeland From Combined Optical-Microwave Remote Sensing, IEEE Topical Symp. on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing, 22-25 March, Albuquerque, NM, p. 82-85.

33. Humes, K.S., W.P. Kustas, T.J. Jackson, R.J. Schmugge, M.S. Moran (1993) Combined Use of Optical and Microwave Remotely Sensed Data for the Estimation of Surface Energy Balance Components over a Semiarid Watershed, IEEE Topical Symp. on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing, 22-25 March, Albuquerque, NM, p. 86-89.

37. Batchily, A.K., A.R. Huete, M.S. Moran and H. Liu (1993) Variation of vegetation indices derived from multi-temporal TM images, Pecora 12 Symposium, 24-26 Aug., Sioux Falls, SD.

44. Moran, M.S., D.C. Goodrich and W.P. Kustas, Integration of remote sensing and hydrologic modelling through multidisciplinary semi-arid field campaigns (Monsoon'90, Walnut Gulch'92, and SALSA-MEX), Sixth International Symposium Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Val d'Isere, France, January 1994 (in press).

45. Moran, M.S., The scaling characteristics of remotely sensed variables for heterogeneous sparse canopies, Tucson Workshop on Aggregated Descriptions of Heterogeneous Land-Covers, 21-27 March 1994, Tucson Arizona (in press).

Research Reports

7. Moran, M.S. and T.R. Clarke (1990) Ground-based spectral and meteorological measurements at Kendall and Lucky Hills, Monsoon'90 Experiment Report, Chapters 9 and 18, Aug. 1990, USDA-ARS Hydrology Laboratory, Beltsville, Md.

Presentations

15. Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Huete, A.R., Bach, L., Weltz, M. and Slater, P.N. (1991) Use of vegetation indices for evaluation of hydrologic parameters in semiarid rangeland, 20th Conf. on Ag. and For. Met., 10-13 Sept., Salt Lake City, Utah.

18. Moran, M.S., T.R. Clarke and A.F. Rahman (1993) Field-scale estimates of daily evaporation based on high-spatial- resolution optical remote sensing, Workshop on Remote Sensing of Soils and Vegetation, 6-8 January, Phoenix, Az.

19. Moran, M.S., M.A. Weltz, A. Vidal, D.C. Goodrich, et al. (1993) Evaluating Energy Balance of semiarid Rangeland From Combined Optical-Microwave Remote Sensing, IEEE Topical Symp. on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing, 22-25 March, Albuquerque, NM.

24. Moran, M.S., Use of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT High- Resolution Visible (HRV) Images for Hydrologic Studies, American Geophysical Union (AGU) Meeting, 6-10 December 1993, San Francisco. [invited tutorial].

25. Moran, M.S., D.C. Goodrich and W.P. Kustas, Integration of remote sensing and hydrologic modelling through multidisciplinary semi-arid field campaigns (Monsoon'90, Walnut Gulch'92, and SALSA-MEX), Sixth International Symposium Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Val d'Isere, France, January 1994. [invited talk].

26. Moran, M.S., The scaling characteristics of remotely sensed variables for heterogeneous sparse canopies, Tucson Workshop on Aggregated Descriptions of Heterogeneous Land-Covers, 21-27 March 1994, Tucson Arizona. [invited talk].

Abstracts

9. Moran, M.S., T.R. Clarke and A.F. Rahman (1993) Field-scale estimates of daily evaporation based on high-spatial- resolution optical remote sensing, Workshop on Remote Sensing of Soils and Vegetation, 6-8 January, Phoenix, Az.

10. Kustas, W.P., E.M. Perry, P.C. Doraiswamy and M.S. Moran (1993) Using satellite remote sensing to extrapolate evapotranspiration estimates in time and space over a semiarid rangeland basin, Workshop on Remote Sensing of Soils and Vegetation, 6-8 January, Phoenix, Az.

12. Humes, K.S., W.P. Kustas, T.J. Jackson, T.J. Schmugge, M.S. Moran and W.D. Nichols (1993) Combined use of optical and microwave remote sensing for the estimation of surface energy balance components over a semiarid watershed, Workshop on Remote Sensing of Soils and Vegetation, 6-8 January, Phoenix, Az.

13. Kustas, W.P., K.S. Humes, J.B. Stewart, W.D. Nichols, M.S. Moran and H.A.R. De Bruin (1993) Estimates of sensible heat flux from remotely sensed surface temperature in semi-arid regions, Amer. Geophys. Union Spring Meeting, 24-28 May, Baltimore, Md.

14. Humes, K.S., W.P. Kustas, T.J. Schmugge, R.J. Jackson, L.E. Hipps and M.S. Moran (1993) Evaluation of aircraft-based multispectral scanner data for hydrologic modeling of a semi- arid watershed, Amer. Geophys. Union Spring Meeting, 24-28 May, Baltimore, Md.

Tom Schmugge
USDA Hydrology Lab
Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
Phone 301-504-8554 - VOICE
301-504-8931 - FAX
E-mail: schmugge@hydrolab.arsusda.gov