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Remote Sensing Basics
 

I. Sources of Imagery

II. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N)

III. Imaging Theory: What to Expect

IV. Simple Tools for Checking Image Data Quality

V. Choice of Spectral Bands

VI. Final Thoughts and Suggestions

VII. Resources and References

Disclaimer

Acknowledgements

 

I. Sources of Imaging Spectrometry Data

Sources of imaging spectrometer data are varied. A brief summary of some historical and currently operating systems is presented as the following table.

Note that the number of spectral bands and the range of spectral coverage varies. Also be aware that there are no standards for geometric, or radiometric calibration of data from these systems. Many are experimental systems and were developed to address very specific questions.

There are Federal guidelines for geographic data that are applied when acquiring data for orthoquad production, for example. There are also draft standards for aerial photography, and working guidelines for the acquisition of digital imagery to help users acquire remote sensing data that will meet their needs.

Acronym

Full Name

Manufacturer

Operator

Number of Bands

Spectral Range (nm)

AAHIS

Advanced Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System

SETS Technology

 

288

432-832

AHS

Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner

Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.

 

48

433-12700

AIP

Airborne Instrument Program

Lockheed Martin

NASA, JSC

 

2000-6400

AIS-1

Airborne Imaging Spectrometer

NASA, JPL

NASA, JPL

128

900-2100, 1200-2400

AIS-2

Airborne Imaging Spectrometer

NASA, JPL

NASA, JPL

128

800-1600, 1200-2400

AISA

Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Applications

Specim, Ltd.

Specim, Ltd., 3Di, Inc., Galileo Corp.

286

450-1000

AMS

Airborne MODIS Simulator (based on AADS-1268)

 

NASA

50

530-15500

AMSS

Airborne Multispectral Scanner MK-II

Geoscan Pty Ltd.

Geoscan Pty Ltd.

46

500-12000

ASAS

Advanced Solid State Array Spectroradiometer

NASA

NASA, GSFC

62

400-1060

ASTER Simulator

ASTER Simulator

GER Corp.

JAPEX Gesciences Institute, Tokyo

24

760-12000

AVIRIS

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

NASA, JPL

NASA Ames

224

400-2450

CAESAR

CCD Airborne Experimental Scanner for Applicators in Remote Sensing

NLR

 

12

520-780

CASI

Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager

Itres Research

 

1-288

430-870

CASI-2

Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager

Itres Research

 

1-288

400-1000

CASI-3

Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager

Itres Research

 

1-288

400-1050

CHRISS

Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrograph Sensor

Science Applications Int. Corp. (SAIC)

SETS Technology, Inc.

40

430-860

CIS

Chinese Imaging Spectrometer

Shanghai Inst. Of Technical Physics

 

91

400-12500

DAIS 21115

Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer

GER Corp.

 

211

400-12000

DAIS 3715

Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer

GER Corp.

 

37

400-12000

DAIS 7915

Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer

GER Corp.

DLR, Germany

79

400-12000

EPS-A

Environmental Probe System

GER Corp.

 

32

400-12000

FLI/PMI

Flouresence Line Imagery/Programmable Multispectral Imager

Moniteq Ltd.

Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans

228

430-805

FTVFHSI

Fourier Transform Visible Hyperspectral Imager

Kestrel Corp., FIT

 

256

440-1150

GERIS

Geophysical and Environmental Research Imaging Spectrometer

GER Corp.

 

63

400-2500

HYDICE

Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment

Naval Research Laboratory

ERIM

210

413-2504

HyMAP

HyMAP Imaging Spectrometer

Integrated Spectronic Pty Ltd

 

128

400-2504

IISRB

Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

Bomem

 

1720

3500-5000

IMSS

Image Multispectral Sensing

Pacific Advanced Technology

 

320

2000-5000

IRIS

Infrared Imaging Spectroradiometer

ERIM

 

256

2000-15000

ISM

Imaging Spectroscopic Mapper

DESPA

 

128

800-3200

LIVTIRS 1

Livermore Imaging Fourier Transform< style="mso-spacerun: yes"> Imaging Spectrometer

Lawrence Livermore Labs

 

 

3000-5000

LIVTIRS 2

Livermore Imaging Fourier Transform Imaging Spectrometer

Lawrence Livermore Labs

 

 

8000-12000

MAIS

Modular Airborne Imaging Spectrometer

Shanghai Inst. Of Technical Physics

 

71

440-11800

MAS

MODIS Airborne Simulator

Daedalus Enterprise Inc.

NASA Ames & GSFC

50

530-14500

MERIS

Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

ESA

 

15

400-1050

MIDIS

Multiband Identification and Discrimination Imaging Spectroradiometer

Surface Optics Corp.

JPL

256

400-30000

MIVIS

Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer

Daedalus Enterprise, Inc.

CNR, Rome

102

433-12700

PROBE-1

PROBE-1

ESSI

ESSI, Australia

100-200

400-2400

ROSIS

Reflective Optics System Imaging Spectrometer

DLR, GKSS, MBB

DLR

128

450-850

SASI

Shortwave (Infrared) Airborne Spectrographic Imager

Itres Research

 

160

850-2450

SFSI

SWIR Full Spectrographic Imager

CCRS

CCRS

22-115

1220-2420

SMIFTS

Spatially Modulated Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer

Hawaii Inst. Of Geophysics

 

75

1000-5000

SSTI HSI

Small Satellite Technology Initiative Hyperspectral Imager

TRW Inc.

NASA

384

400-2500

TRWIS III

TRW Imaging Spectrometer

TRW Inc.

 

384

400-2500

VIFIS

Variable Interference Filter Imaging Spectrometer

Univ. of Dundee

 

60

440-890

VIMS-V

Visible Infrared Mapping Spectrometer

ASI

NASA Cassini Mission

512

300-1050

WIS

Wedge Imaging Spectrometer

Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center

 

170

400-2500


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