Location: Healthy Processed Foods Research
2016 Annual Report
Accomplishments
1. Bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive polyphenols in wine grape processing wastes. ARS researchers in Albany, California have shown for the first time that obese mice fed with whole grape seed flour had lower weight gain and improved blood lipids and that these physiological changes were associated with changes in certain species of gut bacteria. Most of the beneficial effects of grape seed are due to components called polyphenols. A large fraction of polyphenols are bound to fiber in whole grape seed flours. Feces for free and bound polyphenols were analyzed and it was found that both are metabolized by gut bacteria, however, there were large individual variations. These results suggest that polyphenols associated with fiber and fiber itself are important to the diversity of gut bacteria.
2. Bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive polyphenols in apple juice processing wastes. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds that may prevent weight gain and chronic disease. In apples most polyphenols reside in the skin. Apple polyphenols have shown beneficial physiological activity but the mechanism is unclear. Most free and bound polyphenols pass into the colon where they affect the numbers and types of gut bacteria. ARS scientists in Albany, California determined the amounts of free and bound polyphenols in apple skin byproducts, the types of unabsorbable polyphenols, and the amounts of unabsorbable polyphenols that were found in feces of mice fed wine grape byproducts. They found for the first time that apple polyphenols alter the numbers and types of bacteria in the gut and may be responsible for the beneficial effects of apple consumption.
3. Safety and healthful properties of potato skins. Potato skins, a byproduct of French fry production, are mainly used as feed. The skins are nutritious and contain 12-17% protein, 16-22% dietary fiber, and are low in fat. However, potato skins have a potential to contain toxic alkaloids. Mice fed with diets containing potato skins had normal weight gain showing that they are safe to eat. ARS scientists in Albany, California found that potato skins also contain significant amounts of the same polyphenols found in grapes, apples, cinnamon, and other foods with healthful properties. Polyphenols are useful in reducing the adverse metabolic effects of weight gain. Potato skins may be a safe and useful dietary ingredient to improve health in overweight individuals.
Review Publications
Kahlon, T.S., Chiu, M.M. 2015. Teff, buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth: Ancient whole grain gluten-free egg-free pasta. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 6:1460-1467.
Kahlon, T.S., Chiu, M.M. 2014. Ancient whole grain gluten-free flatbreads. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 5:1717-1727.
Kahlon, T.S., Chiu, M.M. 2015. Ancient whole grain gluten-free egg-free Pasta. Agricultural Research Journal. 52(3):63-65.
Kahlon, T.S., Singh, A., Mahajan, A., Chiu, M.M. 2015. Height, weight and body mass index of girls and boys in a rural school in Punjab India. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 5(9):332-334.
Kim, H., Yokoyama, W.H., Davis, P.A. 2014. Walnuts lower TRAMP prostate tumor growth by altering IGF-1, energy and cholesterol metabolism and is not due to their fatty acids. Journal of Medicinal Foods. 17(12):1281-1286.
Qi, J., Yokoyama, W.H., Masamba, K.G., Majeed, H., Zhong, F., Li, Y. 2015. Structural and physico-chemical properties of insoluble rice bran fiber: effect of acid–base induced modifications. RSC Advances. 5:79915-79923.
Yi, J., Lam, T.I., Yokoyama, W.H., Cheng, L.W., Zhong, F. 2015. Beta-carotene encapsulated in food protein nanoparticles reduces peroxyl radical oxidation in Caco-2 cells. Food Hydrocolloids Journal. 43:31-40.
Qi, J., Li, Y., Masamba, K.G., Yokoyama, W.H., Zhong, F., Ma, J. 2015. Cellulosic fraction of rice bran fibre alters the conformation and inhibits the activity of porcine pancreatic lipase. Journal of Functional Foods. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.012.
Shao, D., Venkitasamy, C., Shi, J., Li, X., Yokoyama, W.H., Pan, Z. 2015. Optimization of tomato pomace separation using air aspirator system by response surface methodology. Transactions of the ASABE. 58(6):1885-1894.
Sedej, I., Milczarek, R.R., Wang, S., Sheng, R., Avena Bustillos, R.D., Takeoka, G.R., Dao, L.T. 2016. Membrane-filtered olive mill wastewater: Quality assessment of the dried phenolic-rich fraction. Journal of Food Science. 81:E889–E896. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13267.
Qu, W., Shi, S., Li, P., Pan, Z., Venkitasamy, C. 2015. Extraction kinetics and properties of proanthocyanidins from pomegranate peel. International Journal of Food Engineering. 10(4):683-695.
Sedej, I., Milczarek, R.R., Wang, S., Sheng, R., Avena Bustillos, R.D., Takeoka, G.R., Dao, L.T. 2015. Spray drying of a phenolic-rich membrane filtration fraction of olive mill wastewater: Optimization and dried product quality. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. doi: 10.1111/ijfs.13163.
