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Title: Feasibility study of utilizing simplified near infrared imaging for detecting fruit fly larvae in intact fruit

Author
item SARANWONG, SIRINNAPA - National Food Research Institute - Japan
item Haff, Ronald - Ron
item THANAPASE, WARUNEE - Kasetsart University
item JANHIRAN, ATHIT - Kasetsart University
item KASEMSUMRAN, SUMAPORN - Kasetsart University
item KAWANO, SUMIO - National Food Research Institute - Japan

Submitted to: Near Infrared Spectroscopy Journal
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 11/11/2010
Publication Date: 1/20/2011
Citation: Saranwong, S., Haff, R.P., Thanapase, W., Janhiran, A., Kasemsumran, S., Kawano, S. 2011. Feasibility study of utilizing simplified near infrared imaging for detecting fruit fly larvae in intact fruit. Near Infrared Spectroscopy Journal. 19:55-60.

Interpretive Summary: This paper follows up on previous research to identify intact mangoes infested with oriental fruit fly using near infrared (NIR) spectra. This paper attempts to improve the sensitivity of the system. Hyperspectral data in the wavelength region of 400 nm to 1000 nm of four infested mangoes and four control mangoes were acquired via a spot-type handheld NIR instrument at three time intervals (after infestation): 0, 24 and 48 hours. Each mango had sixteen wells created by sterile needles. Nine spectra (one for each pixel from a 3x3 pixel section) around each well were extracted, converted to absorbance spectra and smoothed. Each spectrum was considered as individual sample and fed into a Bayesian discriminant analysis. By using only 3 wavelengths selected from spectra measured at 48 hours after infestation, classification results with 0.9% false negative (range of fruit fly larvae: 8-57) and 5.7% false positive could be obtained. Gray-scale images of a 4 x 4 cm area around each well, for each fruit and at each time interval, were developed calculating a discriminant function based on the distance to control (Dg) and the distance to infested (Db). Fruits infested with fruit fly exhibited clear distinction of infested area compared to control. This indicates the possibility of developing a low-cost high-speed NIR-image sorting machine for this purpose.

Technical Abstract: Following the previous research to classify intact mangoes infested with oriental fruit fly from the control ones using near infrared (NIR) spectra acquired by a spot-type handheld NIR instrument, an attempt to improve the sensitivity of the system by employing NIR imaging technology was conducted. Hyperspectral data in the wavelength region of 400 nm to 1000 nm of four infested mangoes and four control mangoes were acquired at 0, 24 and 48 hours after infestation. Each mango carried sixteen wells created by sterile needles. Nine spectra (3x3 pixels) around each well were extracted, converted to absorbance, smoothed and reduced by data selection at 7 data point intervals (approximately 5 nm). Each spectrum was considered an individual sample and fed into a Bayesian discriminant analysis. By using only 3 wavelengths selected from spectra measured at 48 hours after infestation, classification results with 0.9% false negative (range of fruit fly larvae: 8-57) and 5.7% false positive could be obtained. Gray-scale images of a 4 x 4 cm area around each well, for each fruit and at each time interval, were developed calculating a discriminant function based on the distance to control (Dg) and the distance to infested (Db). Fruits infested with fruit flies exhibited a clear distinction of infested area compared to control. This indicates the possibility of developing a low-cost high-speed NIR-image sorting machine for this purpose.