Effects of the fungal bioherbicide, Alternaria cassia on peroxidase, pectinolytic and proteolytic activities in sicklepod seedlings

Authors: Hoagland, Robert; Boyette, Clyde

Submitted to: The Journal of Fungi
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 11/28/2021
Publication Date: 11/30/2021
Citation: Hoagland, R.E., Boyette, C.D. 2021. Effects of the fungal bioherbicide, Alternaria cassia on peroxidase, pectinolytic and proteolytic activities in sicklepod seedlings. The Journal of Fungi. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7121032.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7121032

Interpretive Summary: Over the last several decades there has been extensive research with plant pathogens for use as biocontrol agents of weeds. Most of the reported literature on this subject has addressed pathogen production, formulation, weed control efficacy, host range, etc., but there is only sparse information on the enzymes involved in pathogen:weed interactions related to plant resistance or defence mechanisms. Scientists at USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS investigated the interactions of an important plant pathogen and its host weed (sicklepod) with regard to various enzyme activities that were possibly related to plant defense mechanisms. Peroxidase and pectinolytic activities were elevated in seedling tissues early after inoculation with the bioherbicide suggesting they may be involved in the resistance and defence of this weed against pathogen attack. This novel information provides impetus for further moleclar biology research on these pathogen:weed interactions.

Technical Abstract: Certain plant pathogens have demonstrated potential for use as bioherbicides for weed control and numerous studies have been published on this subject for several decades. One of the early examples of an important fungal bioherbicide is Alternaria cassia, isolated from the weed sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia). To gain further insight into biochemical interactions of this fungus and its host weed, we examined the effects of this bioherbicide on various enzymes associated with plant defense. Young sicklepod seedlings were challenged with A. cassiae spore inoculum and enzyme activities associated with plant defense (peroxidase, proteolytic, and pectinolytic) were assayed periodically over a 96-h time course on plants grown in continuous darkness or continuous light. Peroxidase activity increased with time in untreated control seedlings in both light and dark, but the effect was greater in the light. In A. cassiae-treated plants, peroxidase was elevated above that in control tissue at all sample times resulting in a 1.5 -fold increase above control in light-grown tissue and a 2- to 3-fold increase in dark-grown tissue over 48-96 h. Differences in leucine aminopeptidase activity in control versus A. cassiae-treated tissues were not significant until 48-96 h, when activity was inhibited in fungus-treated tissues by about 32% in light-grown tissue and 27% in dark-grown tissue after 96 h. Proteolytic activity on benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide was not significantly different in treated versus control tissue in either light or dark over the time course. Pectinase activity increased in treated tissues at all time points as early as 16 h after spore application in light- or dark-grown plants. The greatest increases were 1.5-fold above control levels in light-grown plants (40-64 h) and 2-fold in plants grown in darkness (72-96 h). Data suggests that peroxidase may be involved as defense mechanism of sicklepod when challenged by A. cassiae and that this mechanism is operative in young seedlings under both light and dark growth conditions. Differential proteolytic activity responses on these two substrates suggests the presence of two different enzymes. Increased pectinase activity during pathogenesis suggests that A. cassiae-sicklepod interaction results in an infectivity mechanism to degrade pectic polymers important to sicklepod cell wall integrity. These studies provide important information on some biochemical interactions that may be useful for improvements to biological weed control programs utilizing plant pathogens. Such information may also be useful in genetic selection and manipulation of pathogens for weed control.