Slide 13.   Skip Webb of CWPacific (center right) explains some fine points to an Emerald Irrigation project irrigator regarding use of some PAM granular applicators, used to dose field inflows with a granular formulation of PAM.  In the Emerald area, return flows and drain water are often "shandied" (mixed) with inflows to bolster on farm water supplies.  Some of these second use waters are higher in sodium than the primary waters.  PAM effectiveness was thought to be less on some farms using shandied water.  This observation relates to the need for a favorable ratio of calcium to sodium in irrigation water for best efficacy of PAM, as well as for overall sodicity management under irrigation.