Research Project: Nondestructive Quality Assessment and Grading of Fruits and Vegetables

Location: Sugarbeet and Bean Research

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

A time and motion study for evaluation of apple harvest processes with different harvest methods - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhang, Z., Lu, R., Cannayen, I. 2020. A time and motion study for evaluation of apple harvest processes with different harvest methods. Transactions of the ASABE. 63(6):1957-1967. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14144.

Hyperspectral imaging technology for quality and safety evaluation of horticultural products: A review and celebration of the past 20-year progress - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Saeys, W., Kim, M.S., Peng, Y., Lu, R. 2020. Hyperspectral imaging technology for quality and safety evaluation of horticultural products: A review and celebration of the past 20-year progress. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 170. Article 111318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111318.

siriTool: a Matlab graphical user interface for imaging analysis in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for fruit defect detection - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2020. siriTool: a Matlab graphical user interface for imaging analysis in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for fruit defect detection. Transactions of the ASABE. 63(4):1037-1047. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13612.

Assessment of the optical properties of peaches with fungal infection using spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance technique and their relationships with tissue structural and biochemical properties - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sun, Y., Lu, R., Pan, L., Tu, K., Wang, X. 2020. Assessment of the optical properties of peaches with fungal infection using spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance technique and their relationships with tissue structural and biochemical properties. Food Chemistry. 321. Article 126704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126704.

Effects of optical variables in a single integrating sphere system on estimation of scattering properties of turbid media - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Huang, Y., Ying, Y., Fu, X. 2020. Effects of optical variables in a single integrating sphere system on estimation of scattering properties of turbid media. Biosystems Engineering. 194:82-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.03.012.

Evaluation of fungal infection in peaches based on optical and microstructural properties - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sun, Y., Lu, R., Wang, X. 2020. Evaluation of fungal infection in peaches based on optical and microstructural properties. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 165:111181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111181.

Spatial frequency domain imaging coupled with frequency optimization for estimating optical properties of two-layered food and agricultural products - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y. 2020. Spatial frequency domain imaging coupled with frequency optimization for estimating optical properties of two-layered food and agricultural products. Journal of Food Engineering. 277:109909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.109909.

Enhancing chlorophyll fluorescence imaging under sttructured illumination with automatic vignetting correction for detection of chilling injury in cucumbers - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2019. Enhancing chlorophyll fluorescence imaging under sttructured illumination with automatic vignetting correction for detection of chilling injury in cucumbers. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 168:105145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105145.

Detection of internal defect of apples by a multichannel Vis/NIR spectroscopic system - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Huang, Y., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2019. Detection of internal defect of apples by a multichannel Vis/NIR spectroscopic system. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 161:111065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111065.

Measurement of optical properties of fruits and vegetables: A review - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, R., Van Beers, R., Saeys, W., Li, C., Cen, H. 2019. Measurement of optical properties of fruits and vegetables: A review. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 159:111003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111003.

Spatial frequency domain imaging coupled with frequency optimization for estimating optical properties of two-layer food products - (Proceedings)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y. 2019. Spatial frequency domain imaging coupled with frequency optimization for estimating optical properties of two-layer food products. In: Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 7-10, 2019, Boston, Massachusetts. Paper No. 1900695.

siriTool: a Matlab graphical user interface for imaging analysis in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for fruit defect detection - (Proceedings)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2019. siriTool: a Matlab graphical user interface for imaging analysis in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for fruit defect detection. ASABE Annual International Meeting. 1900069. https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.201900169.

Detection of early decay in peaches by structured-illumination reflectance imaging - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sun, Y., Lu, R., Lu, Y., Tu, K., Pan, L. 2019. Detection of early decay in peaches by structured-illumination reflectance imaging. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 151:68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.01.011.

Structured-illumination reflectance imaging for the detection of defects in fruit: Analysis of resolution, contrast and depth-resolving features - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2019. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging for the detection of defects in fruit: Analysis of resolution, contrast and depth-resolving features. Biosystems Engineering. 180:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.01.014.

A stepwise method for estimating optical properties of two-layer turbid media from spatial-frequency domain reflectance - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y., Fu, X. 2019. A stepwise method for estimating optical properties of two-layer turbid media from spatial-frequency domain reflectance. Optics Express. 27(2):1124-1141. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.001124.

Defect detection of pickling cucumbers using emerging optical imaging techniques - (Experiment Station)

Improvements and evaluation of an in-field bin filler for apple bruising and distribution - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhang, Z., Pothula, A., Lu, R. 2019. Improvements and evaluation of an in-field bin filler for apple bruising and distribution. Transactions of the ASABE. 62(2):271-280.

Detection of surface and subsurface defects of apples using structured-illumination reflectance imaging with machine learning algorithms - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2018. Detection of surface and subsurface defects of apples using structured-illumination reflectance imaging with machine learning algorithms. Transactions of the ASABE. 61(6):1831-1842. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12930.

Fast bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition as an image enhancement technique for fruit defect detection - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2018. Fast bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition as an image enhancement technique for fruit defect detection. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 152:314-323.

A review of bin filling technologies for fruit harvest and postharvest handling - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhang, Z., Pothula, A., Lu, R. 2018. A review of bin filling technologies for fruit harvest and postharvest handling. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 34(4):687-703.

Assessment of tomato soluble solids content and pH by spatially-resolved and conventional Vis/NIR spectroscopy - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Huang, Y., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2018. Assessment of tomato soluble solids content and pH by spatially-resolved and conventional Vis/NIR spectroscopy. Journal of Food Engineering. 236:19-28.

Quality assessment of tomato quality by optical absorption and scattering properties - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Huang, Y., Hu, D., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2018. Quality assessment of tomato quality by optical absorption and scattering properties. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 143:78-85.

Structured-illumination reflectance imaging coupled with phase analysis techniques for surface profiling of apples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2018. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging coupled with phase analysis techniques for surface profiling of apples. Journal of Food Engineering. 232:11-20.

Design features and bruise damage evaluation of an apple harvest and infield sorting machine - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Pothula, A., Zhang, Z., Lu, R. 2018. Design features and bruise damage evaluation of an apple harvest and infield sorting machine. Transactions of the ASABE. 61(3):1135-1144.

Structured illumination reflectance imaging for enhanced detection of subsurface tissue bruising in apples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Li, R., Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2018. Structured illumination reflectance imaging for enhanced detection of subsurface tissue bruising in apples. Transactions of the ASABE. 61(3):809-819.

A two-step parameter optimization algorithm for improving estimation of optical properties using spatial frequency domain imaging - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y. 2018. A two-step parameter optimization algorithm for improving estimation of optical properties using spatial frequency domain imaging. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. 207:32-40.

Deep feature representation with stacked sparse auto-encoder and convolutional neural network for hyperspectral imaging-based detection of cucumber defects - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Liu, Z., He, Y., Cen, H., Lu, R. 2018. Deep feature representation with stacked sparse auto-encoder and convolutional neural network for hyperspectral imaging-based detection of cucumber defects. Transactions of the ASABE. 61(2):425-436.

Prediction of firmness parameters of tomato by portable visible and near-infrared spectroscopy - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Huang, Y., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2017. Prediction of firmness parameters of tomato by portable visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Food Engineering. 8:185-198.

Development and preliminary evaluation of a new bin filler for apple harvesting and infield sorting - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhang, Z., Pothula, A., Lu, R. 2017. Development and preliminary evaluation of a new bin filler for apple harvesting and infield sorting. Transactions of the ASABE. 60(6):1839-1849.

Economic evaluation of apple harvest and in-field sorting technology - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhang, Z., Pothula, A.K., Lu, R. 2017. Economic evaluation of apple harvest and in-field sorting technology. Transactions of the ASABE. 60(5):1537-1550.

Optimization of spatial frequency domain imaging technique for estimating optical properties of food and biological materials - (Proceedings)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y. 2017. Optimization of spatial frequency domain imaging technique for estimating optical properties of food and biological materials. ASABE Annual International Meeting. doi: 10.13031/aim.201700717.

Non-destructive defect detection of apples by spectroscopic and imaging technologies: A review - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2017. Non-destructive defect detection of apples by spectroscopic and imaging technologies: A review. Transactions of the ASABE. 60(5):1765-1790.

Nondestructive measurement of tomato postharvest quality using a multichannel hyperspectral imaging probe - (Proceedings)
Huang, Y., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2017. Nondestructive measurement of tomato postharvest quality using a multichannel hyperspectral imaging probe. ASABE Annual International Meeting. doi:10.13031/aim.201700195.

Development of a multichannel hyperspectral imaging probe for property and quality assessment of horticultural products - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Huang, Y., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2017. Development of a multichannel hyperspectral imaging probe for property and quality assessment of horticultural products. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 133:88-97.

Finite element simulation of light transfer in turbid media under structured illumination - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y. 2017. Finite element simulation of light transfer in turbid media under structured illumination. Applied Optics. 56(21):6035-6042.

Development of a new bin filler for apple harvesting and infield sorting with a review of existing technologies - (Proceedings)

Structured-illumination reflectance imaging coupled with spiral phase transform for bruise detection and three-dimensional geometry reconstruction of apples - (Proceedings)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2017. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging coupled with spiral phase transform for bruise detection and three-dimensional geometry reconstruction of apples. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Paper No. 201700584. doi.org/10.1117/12.22623121.

Structured-illumination reflectance imaging as a new modality for food quality detection - (Proceedings)
Lu, Y., Lu, R., Li, R. 2017. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging as a new modality for food quality detection. In: CIGR-AgEng Conference Proceedings, June 26-29, 2017, Aarhus, Denmark. Paper No. 544.

Histogram-based automatic thresholding for bruise detection of apples by structured-illumination reflectance imaging - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2017. Histogram-based automatic thresholding for bruise detection of apples by structured-illumination reflectance imaging. Biosystems Engineering. 160:30-41.

Improved algorithm for estimating optical properties of food and biological materials using spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wang, A., Lu, R., Xie, L. 2017. Improved algorithm for estimating optical properties of food and biological materials using spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance. Optics Express. 212:1-11.

Finite element simulation of light transfer in turbid media under structured illumination - (Proceedings)
Hu, D., Lu, R., Ying, Y. 2017. Finite element simulation of light transfer in turbid media under structured illumination. Proceedings of SPIE. doi.org/10.1117/12.22623121.

Development of a multichannel hyperspectral imaging probe for food property and quality assessment - (Proceedings)
Huang, Y., Lu, R., Chen, K. 2017. Development of a multichannel hyperspectral imaging probe for food property and quality assessment. Proceedings of SPIE. doi.org/10.1117/12.2262622.

Development of a multispectral structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) system and its application to bruise detection of apples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2017. Development of a multispectral structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) system and its application to bruise detection of apples. Transactions of the ASABE. 60(4):1379-1389.

Innovative hyperspectral imaging-based techniques for quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables: a review - (Review Article)
Lu, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, R. 2017. Innovative hyperspectral imaging-based techniques for quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables: a review. Applied Sciences. 7:189.

Vis/SWNIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral scattering for determining bulk density and particle size of wheat flour - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhu, Q., Xing, Y., Lu, R., Huang, M., Ng, P. 2017. Vis/SWNIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral scattering for determining bulk density and particle size of wheat flour. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 25(2):116-126.

Using composite sinusoidal patterns in structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of defects in food - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2016. Using composite sinusoidal patterns in structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of defects in food. Journal of Food Engineering. 199:54-64.

Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization for retrieval of amplitude images under sinusoidal patterns of illumination - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Li, R., Lu, R. 2016. Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization for retrieval of amplitude images under sinusoidal patterns of illumination. Applied Optics. 55(5):6866-6873.

Using composite sinusoidal patterns in structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of defects in food - (Proceedings)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2016. Using composite sinusoidal patterns in structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of defects in food. In: Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 18-20, 2016, Orlando, Florida. Paper No. 162460063.

Economic analysis of a self-propelled apple harvest and in-field sorting machine for the apple industry - (Proceedings)
Zhang, Z., Pothula, A., Lu, R. 2016. Economic analysis of a self-propelled apple harvest and in-field sorting machine for the apple industry. In: Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 18-20, 2016, Orlando, Florida. Paper No. 2456644.

Structured-illumination reflectance imaging for enhanced detection of subsurface tissue bruising in apples - (Proceedings)
Li, R., Lu, R., Lu, Y. 2016. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging for enhanced detection of subsurface tissue bruising in apples. In: Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 17-20, 2016, Orlando, FLorida. DOI: 10.13031/ids.2460153; paper no. 2460153.

Fast demodulation of pattern images by spiral phase transform in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for detection of bruises in apples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Li, R., Lu, R. 2016. Fast demodulation of pattern images by spiral phase transform in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for detection of bruises in apples. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 127:652-658.

Detection of fresh bruises in apples by structured-illumination reflectance imaging - (Proceedings)
Lu, Y., Li, R., Lu, R. 2016. Detection of fresh bruises in apples by structured-illumination reflectance imaging. In: Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 9864:986406.

Structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of fresh bruises in apples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lu, Y., Li, R., Lu, R. 2016. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of fresh bruises in apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 117:89-93.

Evaluating bruise susceptibility of ’Golden Delicious’ apples using hyperspectral scattering technique - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhu, Q., Guan, J., Huang, M., Lu, R., Mendoza, F. 2015. Evaluating bruise susceptibility of ’Golden Delicious’ apples using hyperspectral scattering technique. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 114:86-89.

Finite element modeling of light propagation in turbid media under illumination of a continuous-wave beam - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wang, A., Lu, R., Xie, L. 2015. Finite element modeling of light propagation in turbid media under illumination of a continuous-wave beam. Applied Optics. 55(1):95-103.

Preface - (Book / Chapter)
Lu, R. 2016. Preface. In: Lu, R., editor. Light Scattering Technology for Food Property, Quality and Safety Assessment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. xi-xiii.

Introduction to light and optical theories - (Book / Chapter)
Lu, R. 2016. Introduction to light and optical theories. In: Lu, R., editor. Light Scattering Technology for Food Property, Quality and Safety Assessment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 1-18.

Theory of light transfer in food and biological materials - (Book / Chapter)
Lu, R. 2016. Theory of light transfer in food and biological materials. In: Lu, R., editor. Light Scattering Technology for Food Property, Quality and Safety Assessment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 43-78.

Spatially-resolved spectroscopic technique for measuring optical properties of food - (Book / Chapter)
Cen, H., Lu, R., Nguyen-Do-Trong, N., Saeys, W. 2016. Spatially-resolved spectroscopic technique for measuring optical properties of food. In: Lu, R., editor. Light Scattering Technology for Food Property, Quality and Safety Assessment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 159-186.

Dynamic light scattering for measuring microstructure and rheological properties of food - (Book / Chapter)
Mendoza, F., Lu, R. 2016. Dynamic light scattering for measuring microstructure and rheological properties of food. In: Lu, R., editor. Light Scattering Technology for Food Property, Quality and Safety Assessment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 331-360.

Overview of light interaction with food and biological materials - (Book / Chapter)
Lu, R. 2016. Overview of light interaction with food and biological materials. In: Lu, R., editor. Light Scattering Technology for Food Property, Quality and Safety Assessment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 19-42.

Finite element modeling of light propagation in fruit under illumination of continuous-wave beam - (Proceedings)
Wang, A., Lu, R., Xie, L. 2015. Finite element modeling of light propagation in fruit under illumination of continuous-wave beam. ASABE Annual International Meeting. Paper No. 52189254.

Chapter 11. Quality evaluation of apple by computer vision - (Book / Chapter)
Lu, Y., Lu, R. 2016. Quality evaluation of apple by computer vision. 2nd Edition In: Sun, D. editor. Computer Vision Technology for Food Quality Evaluation. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier. p. 273-303.