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C.  Defensive stridulation of soil insects (dung beetles):

Note:  For information about dung beetles, see:   

   C.1. Geotrupes egeriei Germar provided by Kevi Vulinec, University of Florida. [505 kB, 10.8 s]
   C.2.  Peltotrupes profundus Howden provided by Kevi Vulinec, University of Florida [353 kB, 8 s] D.  Movement and feeding sounds of insects in wood:

Note:  See Mankin, R. W., W. L. Osbrink, F. M. Oi, and J. B. Anderson. 2002.  Acoustic detection of termite infestations in urban trees.  J. Econ. Entomol. 95:981-988. 

   [146 kB]

D.1. Reticulitermes virginicus  (300 workers feeding on 2" x 4" x 8' plank, recorded by Donovan Filkins) [489 kB, 9.8 sec].
D.2. Reticulitermes flavipes (Eastern subterranean termite)
        recorded in soil under a pine tree,using an accelerometer.[489 kB, 9.8 s].

D.3.      Recordings by John Green from an accelerometer placed into a laboratory colony of 2000

          Eastern subterranean termite workers [2.93 mB, 60 s].

D.4. Reticulitermes spp. headbanging recorded by John Rodgers with an AED-2000insect detection system. [206 kB, 4 s].

D.5.  Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan termites) recorded in soil under an oak tree using an accelerometer  [489 kB, 9.8 s].

D.6.

Drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)
(possibly Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) or Incisitermes snyderi (Light) in wooden beam).  For more information about drywood termites see Thoms. 2000. Use of an acoustic emissions detector and intragallery injection of spinosad by pest control operators for remedial control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). 

Recorded by John Rodgers with an

AED-2000

insect detection system. [160 kB, 10 s].

Compare with a second recording from the same tree by John Rodgers using an AED-2000 insect detection system, filtering out low-frequency noise. [227 kB, 10 s].

D.7.    Drepanotermes termite head-banging with interspersed (higher frequency) ticks produced by attacking Camponotus denticulatus
                    ants,  recorded with geophone from termite mound near Alice Springs, Australia  [1.03 mB, 11 s].

D.8. Anoplophora glabripennis  (Asian longhorned beetle) larva recorded by Michael Smith
         at the USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE [486 kB, 9.7 s].
          For reference, see Mankin et al. (2008)

D.9.

Monochamus titillator  (Southern pine sawyer) larva recorded with accelerometer by Everett Foreman

[586 kB, 12 s].

Monochamus titillator  (Southern pine sawyer) larva recorded with AED-2000 insect detector by Everett Foreman [586 kB, 12 s].  The AED-2000 filters out low frequency noise.

          D.10. Hylotrupes bajulus  (Old house borer) larva recorded with AED-2000 [1766 kB, 10.25 s].

D.11. 

Buprestid  larva in oak branch recorded with accelerometer by Everett Foreman

[5169 kB, 60 s].

Simultaneous recording of the Buprestid larva with AED-2000 insect detector by Everett Foreman [5169 kB, 16 s].
 

        D.12. Oryctes rhinoceros  (Coconut rhinoceros beetle) stridulations by three different adults  near accelerometer [1413 kB, 10 s].
        D.13. Apocnemidophorus pipitzi  (Brazilian peppertree stem boring weevil) larvae feeding inside small branch of Brazilian peppertree,
                                Schinus terebinthifolius, courtesy of James Cuda, recorded with an accelerometer  [2175 kB, 25 s]
        D.14.      Apocnemidophorus pipitzi  (Brazilian peppertree stem boring weevil) larvae feeding inside small branch of Brazilian peppertree,
                                relative, Schinus polygamus, courtesy of James Cuda recorded with an accelerometer  [865 kB, 10 s]

D.15.      Dendroctonus valens  (Red turpentine beetle) adult male calling recorded by Christian Salcedo with microphone  [590 kB, 5 s]

D.16.      Hylobius abietes  (pine weevil) adult feeding, recorded with microphone by Frauke Fedderwitz, Swedish University of
                              Agricultural Sciences  [2084 kB, 10 s]
D.17.      Oryctes elegans  (Rhinoceros beetle) larvae in date palm (recorded with AED-2010 with Hassan Al-Ayied and Yusef Aldrymim ) [435 kB, 5 s]

D.18. Mallodon dasystomus recorded with an AED 2010 detection system in an avocado branch [846kB, 11 s]

E.  Movement and feeding sounds of insects in plants:

E.1. 

Cephus cinctus (wheat stem sawfly) larva (0.014 g, 29-d-old
recorded by Matt Grieshop with accelerometer clamped to wheat stem (Note: just a few audible clicks) [489 kB, 9.8 s].

F. Wing and abdominal vibration sounds recorded in insect communication studies:

F.1a. Aedes taeniorynchus (salt marsh mosquito) male mosquito swarm at Rookery Bay, FL[489 kb, 9.8 sec]

[Note:  There is a female mosquito buzzing in the foreground, and the higher-pitched sound of the male swarm is in the background.]
 Information about Aedes taeniorynchus swarms is given in: Mankin (1994)    [1,609 kB]

F.1b.  Aedes albopictus  (Asian tiger mosquito) female in flight.
             Recorded by Everett Foreman with Bruel and Kjaer microphone  [489 kB, 9.8 s].

          Note that the wingbeat frequency is much lower than for the smaller male in F.1.c

F.1c.  Aedes albopictus  (Asian tiger mosquito) male in flight. 

F.2. Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly) adult male calling song recorded with Bruel and Kjaer microphone. [489 kb, 9.8 s]

F.3 .     Bactrocera tyroni (Queensland fruit fly) adult male calling song recorded with
                 Phil Taylor at Macquarie University, Sydney Australia [1694 kB, 19.6 s]
                  for reference see Mankin et al. 2008  [1348 kB],  Mankin et al. (2000). [164 kB], Mankin et al. (1996)   [1,174 kB]

F.4a. 

Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) adult male calling song
recorded by James Anderson with Bruel and Kjaer microphone  [489 kB, 9.8 s]

See     Mankin et al. (2004).

F.4b. 

Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) adult male courtship song
recorded by Everett Foreman with Bruel and Kjaer microphone  [489 kB, 9.8 s]

F.4c. Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) adult male flight near microphone (Bruel and Kjaer)

recorded by Everett Foreman [489 kB, 9.8 s]

F.4d. Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) adult female flight near microphone (Bruel and Kjaer)

recorded by Everett Foreman [489 kB, 9.8 s]

F.5.  Cotesia marginiventris  (braconid parasitoid) male calling song (Courtesy of John Sivinski)  [1672 kB, 53 s]

F.6a.

Heliconius cydno alithea (Butterfly) adult female producing a series of wing clicks [161 kB, 3 s].
(Recorded by Mirian Hay-Roe, University of Florida)

                See   (Hay-Roe and Mankin, 2004).
F.6b.      Another series of wing clicks from another adult H. cydno. [321kB, 6s]

          F.6c.     Defensive stridulations by a female pupa. [136kB, 3s]

F.7. 

Plodia interpunctella
• Adult male near pheromone source [1664 kB, 33.28 s]
  Information about adult male Plodia interpunctella recordings is presented in: Mankin et al. (1999).  [173 kB]
• Adult male without pheromone stimulation [1120 kB, 22.4 s]

F.8.Musca domestica (Housefly)  [140 kB, 3 s]
F.9. Delia antiqua

• Adult male in flight [836 kB, 17 s]
• Adult female in flight  [739 kB, 15 s]

F.10. Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid) male and female duetting on grapefruit plant, recorded with an accelerometer [1924 kB, 22 s]
                Video of male response to playback of female call.
                 Video of male response to synthetic mimic of female call.
                 Multiple males and females duetting in a cluster of psyllids on a citrus tree (recorded with an accelerometer).
                Synthetic signal used to trap males or disrupt mating.
               Example of synthetic signal followed by male call, followed by female reply.


 F.11. Euschistus servus (brown stink bug) female calls on cotton plant, recorded with an accelerometer  [904 kB, 10 s]
F.12. Euschistus servus (brown stink bug) male calls on cotton plant, recorded with an accelerometer  [870 kB, 10 s]
F.13. Euschistus servus (brown stink bug) male-female duet on cotton plant, recorded with an accelerometer  [1,787 kB, 20 s]
F.14. Nezara viridula (southern green stink bug) male and female calls on cotton plant, recorded with an accelerometer  [1,383 kB, 16 s]
F.15. Jadera haematoloma (soapberry bug). Stridulations by 2 of 4 females in small arena, recorded with a microphone by
                    Ariel  Zimmerman [486 kB, 10 s]
F.16. Jadera haematoloma (soapberry bug). Stridulations by 2 of 3 males in small arena, recorded with a microphone by
                    Ariel  Zimmerman [471 kB, 10 s]

G. Ants moving and stridulating, phorid flies, and their interaction:

G.1a. General movement and stridulation sounds of fire ants  [977 kB, 10 s]

      recorded by James Anderson with Bruel and Kjaer microphone in a small colony of Solenopsis invicta. (Fire ants courtesy of Lloyd
      Davis).

G.1b. General movement and stridulation sounds of fire ants recorded with accelerometer from fire ants under citrus trees in Ft. Pierce citrus grove  [549 kB, 11 s]. see     Mankin and Lapointe (2003)

G.1c. General movement and stridulation sounds of Leptogenys kitteli ants [972 kB, 10 s] courtesy of Yu-Kun Chiu, Taiwan.

 G.2.  Flight sounds of Pseudacteon tricuspis hovering over fire ants [977 kB, 10 s].
G.3.  Pseudacteon tricuspis (phorid flies) hovering over stridulating fire ants. (See F.1) [977 kB, 10 s].

H. Crickets, katydids, and cicadas:

H.1. Tom Walker's "Singing Insects" Web Site  and the Online Guide to Insect Songs by Lang Elliott and Wil Hershberger

H.3. Underground immature crickets (from a grape vineyard near Citra, FL)

I. Examples to distinguish insect sounds from background noise:
Not all extraneous sounds can be distinguished from insects as easily as in I.1-I7 below, but the human ear can be trained to distinguish the typical clicking and slipping noises of subterranean insects from the drones of machinery or incidental wind noise.  Here are some examples you can try for yourself.

I.1. Insect sounds mixed with plane noise, recorded from underground microphone in a field at Auburn, AL.   [1.4kB, 30 s]

This lively site contained 6 tenebrionids, 2 millipedes, 2 earthworms, 1 wireworm, 1 armyworm, a mature cydnid, and an immature cydnid.  (Recorded by Jamie Brandhorst-Hubbard with a soil microphone).  For reference, see   [172 kB].

I.2. Insect sounds mixed with plane noise, shorter segment of I.1. [733 kB ,15 s]
I.3. Plane noise recorded with accelerometer on nail inside a pot at the Monrovia nursery, Dayton, OR. [733 kB, 15 s]

(For reference see black vine weevil sounds).

I.4. Plane and truck noise at commercial nursery.  (See I.3). [733 kB, 15 s]
I.5. Truck noise recorded in a pot containing black vine weevil larvae.  (See I.3). [733 kB, 15 s]
I.6. Wind noise and background

recorded from an accelerometer on a nail inserted into a field at Oregon State University.  (see I.3). [733 kB, 15 s]

I.7. Wind noise and background

recorded from an accelerometer on nail inside a pot containing black vine weevil larvae.  (see I.3). [733 kB, 15 s]

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http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/docs.htm?docid=10919   09/07/21 Richard Mankin Acknowledgments: Hassan  Al-Ayied Yousif Aldryhim Joe Benshemesh Daniel Carrillo Keith Chandler Yu-Kun Chiu James Cuda Omotola Dosunmu Everett Foreman Frauke Fedderwitz Alexandra Ghalayini Mason Grugnale Mirian Hay-Roe Elizabeth Heatherington Nathan Herrick Jamee Hubbard Johari Jalinas Eric Kaufmann Stephen Lapointe Brittany Lampson Gary Leibee Rafa Lopez Amos Mizrach Aubrey Moore Anastasia Njoroge Rikin Patel Richard Robinson Barukh Rohde German Rubio Christian Salcedo Peter Samson Will Sanders Michael T. Smith Victoria Soroker Betty Weaver Erik Wenninger Minling Zhang Ariel Zych