Slide 18.   Gary Ham (BSES- Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Ayr, Queensland) demonstrates the use of flow socks from gated irrigation layflat pipe.  The soils in this area are often sodic, and disperse easily upon irrigation, contributing both to erosion and surface sealing in the furrows.  PAM has been used off and on in the Burdekin irrigation area to help combat erosion and improve infiltration into these soils.  Some farmers were discouraged with results and abandoned the practice.  The ability to place PAM in the furrow as a patch application, rather than using other more complicated dosing strategies, and the ability to improve PAM efficacy by coupling PAM application with calcium application in the irrigation water (e.g. via gypsum application) has revitalized interest in PAM use for this largely sugarcane growing region.