Research Project: Development, Evaluation, and Validation of Technologies for the Detection and Characterization of Chemical Contaminants in Foods

Location: Microbial and Chemical Food Safety

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Ultratrace mercury speciation analysis in rice by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Yao, Z., Li, X., Liu, J., Mao, X., Chen, G. 2022. Ultratrace mercury speciation analysis in rice by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Journal of Food Analytical Methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132116.

Screening of chemicals migrating from plastic food contact materials for oven and microwave applications by LC- and GC-Orbitrap MS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Nunez, A., Johnston, J. 2021. Screening of chemicals migrating from plastic food contact materials for oven and microwave applications by LC- and GC-Orbitrap MS. Journal of Chromatography A. 462261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462261.

Comparison of analyze identification criteria and other aspects in triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: Case study using UHPLC-MS/MS for analysis of veterinary drug residues in liquid and powdered eggs - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J. 2021. Comparison of analyze identification criteria and other aspects in triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: Case study using UHPLC-MS/MS for analysis of veterinary drug residues in liquid and powdered eggs. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03380-x.

Validation of a high-Throughput method for analysis of pesticide residues in hemp and hemp products - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Michlig, N., Lehotay, S.J., Lightfield, A.R., Horacio, B., Maria, R. 2021. Validation of a high-throughput method for analysis of pesticide residues in hemp and hemp products. Journal of Chromatography A. 1645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462097.

Comparison of four different multiclass, multiresidue sample preparation methods in the analysis of veterinary drugs in fish and other food matrices - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., Lightfield, A.R. 2021. Comparison of four different multiclass, multiresidue sample preparation methods in the analysis of veterinary drugs in fish and other food matrices. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 3223–3241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03259-x.

Non-targeted screening of chemicals migrating from paper-based food packaging by GC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2021. Non-targeted screening of chemicals migrating from paper-based food packaging by GC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Talanta. Volume 226: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122120.

Critical review and re-assessment of analyte protectants in gas chromatography - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Rodriguez-Ramos, R., Lehotay, S.J., Michlig, N., Socas-Rodriguez, B., Rodriguez-Delgado, M.A. 2020. Critical review and re-assessment of analyte protectants in gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461596.

There is no time to waste: low-pressure gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is a proven solution for fast, sensitive, and robust GC–MS analysis - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., De Zeeuw, J., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Michlig, N., Rousova, J., Konschnik, J.D. 2020. There is no time to waste: low-pressure gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is a proven solution for fast, sensitive, and robust GC–MS analysis. LC GC North America. 38(8):457-464.

A novel strategy of anti-interference for solid dilution in elemental analysis using spontaneous surface dispersion theory - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wang, B., Liu, T., Liu, J., Mao, X., Na, X., Chen, G., Liu, M., Qian, Y. 2020. A novel strategy of anti-interference for solid dilution in elemental analysis using spontaneous surface dispersion theory. Atomic Spectroscopy. 41(3):119-126. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342639027.

Spatial and seasonal occurrence of pesticides and environmental contaminants in fish tissues influenced by snowmelt and municipal effluent discharge - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Salamova, A., Haddad, S., Burket, S.R., Luers, M., Brooks, B. 2020. Spatial and seasonal occurrence of pesticides and environmental contaminants in fish tissues influenced by snowmelt and municipal effluent discharge. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140222.

High-throughput mega-method for the analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental contaminants in beef by UHPLC-MS/MS and robotic mini-SPE cleanup + LPGC-MS/MS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Monteiro, S.H., Lehotay, S.J., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Ninga, E., Lightfield, A.R. 2020. High-throughput mega-method for the analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental contaminants in beef by UHPLC-MS/MS and robotic mini-SPE cleanup + LPGC-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00995. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00995.

A portable and field optical emission spectrometry coupled with microplasma trap for high sensitivity analysis of arsenic and antimony simultaneously - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Ji, M., Jixin, L., Xuefei, M., Chen, G., Chunsheng, L., Yongzhong, Q. 2020. A portable and field optical emission spectrometry coupled with microplasma trap for high sensitivity analysis of arsenic and antimony simultaneously. Talanta. available online:Talanta 218 (2020)121161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121161.

On-line microplasma decomposition of gaseous phase interference for solid sampling mercury analysis in aquatic food samples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Liu, T., Liu, M., Liu, J., Mao, X., Zhang, S., Shao, Y., Na, X., Chen, G., Qian, Y. 2020. On-line microplasma decomposition of gaseous phase interference for solid sampling mercury analysis in aquatic food samples. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1121/42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.057.

Evaluation of flow injection mass spectrometry approach for rapid screening of selected pesticides and mycotoxins in grain and animal feed samples - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Zomer, P., Gerssen, A., Nunez, A., Mol, H.G. 2020. Evaluation of flow injection mass spectrometry approach for rapid screening of selected pesticides and mycotoxins in grain and animal feed samples. Food Control. 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107323.

Semi-automated high-throughput method for residual analysis of 302 pesticides and environmental contaminants in catfish by fast low-pressure GC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2020. Semi-automated high-throughput method for residual analysis of 302 pesticides and environmental contaminants in catfish by fast low-pressure GC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Food Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126592.

Brief soaking at above-gelatinization temperature reduces inorganic arsenic in cooked rice - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chen, G., Lai, B., Chen, T., Mao, X. 2020. Brief soaking at above-gelatinization temperature reduces inorganic arsenic in cooked rice. Cereal Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10304.

Modeling the inactivation of escherichia coli O157:H7 and salmonella typhimurium in juices by pulsed electric fields: The role of the energy density - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Oliverira, G.M., Jin, Z.T., Campanella, O.H. 2020. Modeling the inactivation of escherichia coli O157:H7 and salmonella typhimurium in juices by pulsed electric fields: The role of the energy density. Journal of Food Process Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110001.

Assessment of test portion sizes after sample comminution with liquid nitrogen in the high-throughput analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., Michlig, N., Lightfield, A.R. 2020. Assessment of test portion sizes after sample comminution with liquid nitrogen in the high-throughput analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 68:1468-1479. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07685.

Extract-and-inject analysis of veterinary drug residues in catfish and ready-to-eat meats by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., Lightfield, A.R. 2020. Extract-and-inject analysis of veterinary drug residues in catfish and ready-to-eat meats by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International. 103(2): 584-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsz036.

Less than 1 minute low-pressure gas chromatography - mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fialkov, A.B., Lehotay, S.J., Amirav, A. 2019. Less than 1 minute low-pressure gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1612:460691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460691.

In-situ generation of chlorine dioxide for decontamination of whole cantaloupes and sprout seeds - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Tan, J., Hwang, C., Huang, L., Wu, V.C., Hsiap, H. 2020. In-situ generation of chlorine dioxide for decontamination of whole cantaloupes and sprout seeds. Journal of Food Protection. 83:287-284. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-434.

Cryogenic sample processing with liquid nitrogen for effective and efficient monitoring of pesticide residues in foods and feeds - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Roussey, M., Lehotay, S.J., Pollaehne, J. 2019. Cryogenic sample processing with liquid nitrogen for effective and efficient monitoring of pesticide residues in foods and feeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67(33):9203-9209. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04006.

Analysis and occurrence of organophosphate esters in meats and fish consumed in the USA - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Nunez, A. 2019. Analysis and occurrence of organophosphate esters in meats and fish consumed in the USA. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67, 46, 12652–12662. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01548.

Determination of arsenic in biological samples by slurry sampling hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry using in-situ dielectric barrier discharge trap - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Liu, M., Ding, L., Liu, J., Mao, X., Na, X., Chen, G., Qian, Y. 2019. Determination of arsenic in biological samples by slurry sampling hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry using in-situ dielectric barrier discharge trap. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8JA00374B.

Dispersive solid phase extraction with imidazole ionic liquid modified mesoporous silica SBA15 for selective separation and determination of inorganic arsenic in rice - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chen, T., Zhen, W., Kang, B., Yan, Z., Luo, J., Ding, L., Chen, G. 2018. Dispersive solid phase extraction with imidazole ionic liquid modified mesoporous silica SBA15 for selective separation and determination of inorganic arsenic in rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 37(12): 2024-2035. https://doi.org/10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2011-2201.

Antifungal activity and action mechanism of ginger oleoresin against Pestalotiopsis Microspora isolated from Chinese olive fruits - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chen, T., Lu, J., Kang, B., Lin, M., Ding, L., Zhang, L., Chen, G., Chen, S., Lin, H. 2018. Antifungal activity and action mechanism of ginger oleoresin against Pestalotiopsis Microspora isolated from Chinese olive fruits. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02583.

Characterization of MS/MS product ions for the differentiation of structural isomeric pesticides by high-resolution mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Nunez, A., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Lehotay, S.J. 2018. Characterization of MS/MS product ions for the differentiation of structural isomeric pesticides by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Toxics. 6(4):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6040059 -.

Implementation of normalized retention time (IRT) for bottom-up proteomic analysis of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme facilitating method distribution - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Perez Jr, J.J., Chen, C. 2018. Implementation of normalized retention time (IRT) for bottom-up proteomic analysis of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme facilitating method distribution. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 411:4701-4708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1377-z.

Reflux open-vessel digestion system can overcome volatilization loss in mercury speciation analysis - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chen, G., Lai, B., Mei, N. 2018. Reflux open-vessel digestion system can overcome volatilization loss in mercury speciation analysis. Talanta. 191:209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.052.

Possibilities and limitations of isocratic fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J. 2018. Possibilities and limitations of isocratic fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Chromatographia. 82:235-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3595-0.

Development and validation of a semi-automated high-throughput analytical method for 265 pesticides and environmental contaminants in meats and poultry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2018. Development and validation of a semi-automated high-throughput analytical method for 265 pesticides and environmental contaminants in meats and poultry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1572:203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.025.

The 54th North American Chemical Residue Workshop - (Other)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2018. The 54th North American Chemical Residue Workshop. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66:4985-4985. 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01569.

Rapid detection and quantification of aminoglycoside phosphorylation products using direct infusion high resolution and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Perez Jr, J.J., Chen, C. 2018. Rapid detection and quantification of aminoglycoside phosphorylation products using direct infusion high resolution and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 32:1822-1828.

Suspect screening of chemicals in food packaging plastic film by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Hoh, E. 2019. Suspect screening of chemicals in food packaging plastic film by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. LC GC North America. 37:52-65.

Food Safety Analysis - (Other)
Lehotay, S.J. 2018. Food Safety Analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410(22):5329:5330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1129-0.

Detection of acetyltransferase modification of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, in bacteria using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Perez Jr, J.J., Chen, C. 2018. Detection of acetyltransferase modification of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, in bacteria using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Rapid Communications in Mass Spectroscopy. 32:1549-1556.

An in-situ dielectric barrier discharge trap for ultrasensitive arsenic determination by atomic fluorescence spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Qi, Y., Mao, X., Liu, J., Na, X., Chen, G., Liu, M., Zheng, C., Qian, Y. 2018. An in-situ dielectric barrier discharge trap for ultrasensitive arsenic determination by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 90:6332-6338. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01199.

Inter-laboratory validation of an inexpensive streamlined method to measure inorganic arsenic in rice grain - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chaney, R.L., Green, C.E., Lehotay, S.J. 2018. Inter-laboratory validation of an inexpensive streamlined method to measure inorganic arsenic in rice grain. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1075-x.

At the intersection of urbanization, water and food security: bioaccumulation of select contaminants of emerging concern in mussels and oysters from Hong Kong - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Burket, S., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Zheng, J., Chung, S., Brooks, B.W. 2018. At the intersection of urbanization, water and food security: bioaccumulation of select contaminants of emerging concern in mussels and oysters from Hong Kong. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66:5009-5017. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05730.

Residue analysis of sixty pesticides in red swamp crayfish using QuEChERS with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Song, S., Zhu, K., Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Zhang, Z., Yao, W. 2018. Residue analysis of sixty pesticides in red swamp crayfish using QuEChERS with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66:5031-5038. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05339.

Use of a quality control approach to assess measurement uncertainty in the comparison of sample processing techniques in the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2018. Use of a quality control approach to assess measurement uncertainty in the comparison of sample processing techniques in the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410:5465-5479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0905-1.

Xiaonan Lu (Ed.):Sensing techniques for food safety and quality control - (Other)
Lehotay, S.J. 2018. Xiaonan Lu (Ed.):Sensing techniques for food safety and quality control. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410(9)2271-2272. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-018-0891-3.

Comparison of room temperature and cryogenic sample processing in the analysis of chemical contaminants in foods - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Han, L., Lehotay, S.J., Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2017. Comparison of room temperature and cryogenic sample processing in the analysis of chemical contaminants in foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66:4986-4996. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04359.

Simultaneous analysis of aminoglycosides with many other classes of drug residues in bovine tissues by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using an ion-pairing reagent added to final extracts - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., Lightfield, A.R. 2018. Simultaneous analysis of aminoglycosides with many other classes of drug residues in bovine tissues by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using an ion-pairing reagent added to final extracts. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410:195-1109.

Mercury speciation by differential photochemical vapor generation at UV-B vs. UV-C wavelength - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Chen, G., Lai, B., Mei, N., Liu, J., Mao, X. 2017. Mercury speciation by differential photochemical vapor generation at UV-B vs. UV-C wavelength. Spectrochimica Acta B. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2017.09.007.

Speciation of trace mercury impurities in fish oil supplements - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mei, N., Lai, B., Liu, J., Mao, X., Chen, G. 2017. Speciation of trace mercury impurities in fish oil supplements. Food Control. 8:221-225.

Determination of six parabens residues in fresh-cut vegetables using QuEChERS with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Song, S., Zhang, Z., Pan, C., Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2017. Determination of six parabens residues in fresh-cut vegetables using QuEChERS with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Analytical Methods. 10:3972-3979.

Utility of the summation chromatographic peak integration function to avoid manual reintegrations in the analysis of targeted analytes - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J. 2017. Utility of the summation chromatographic peak integration function to avoid manual reintegrations in the analysis of targeted analytes. LC GC North America. 35:391-402.

Determination of inorganic arsenic in algae using bromine halogenation and on-line nonpolar solid phase extraction followed by hydride generation atomic flourescence spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Zhang, W., Qi, Y., Qin, D., Liu, J., Mao, X., Chen, G., Wei, C., Qian, Y. 2017. Determination of inorganic arsenic in algae using bromine halogenation and on-line nonpolar solid phase extraction followed by hydride generation atomic flourescence spectrometry. Talanta. 170:152-157.

Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole ... use of a commercial lipid removal product - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Anumol, T., Lehotay, S.J., Stevens, J., Zweigenbaum, J. 2017. Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole ... use of a commercial lipid removal product. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 409:2639-2653.

The classification of gunshot residue using laser electrospray mass spectrometry and offline multivariate statistical analysis - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Perez Jr, J.J., Watson, D.A., Levis, R.J. 2016. The classification of gunshot residue using laser electrospray mass spectrometry and offline multivariate statistical analysis. Analytical Chemistry. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01438.

Evaluation of a new carbon/zirconia-based sorbent for the cleanup of food extracts in multiclass analysis of pesticides and environmental contaminants - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V., Matarrita, J. 2016. Evaluation of a new carbon/zirconia-based sorbent for the cleanup of food extracts in multiclass analysis of pesticides and environmental contaminants. Journal of Separation Science. 39(23):4592-4602.

Hg speciation by differential photochemical vapor generation at UV-B and UV-C wavelengths - (Abstract Only)
Chen, G., Lai, B., Mei, N., Liu, J., Mao, X. 2016. Hg speciation by differential photochemical vapor generation at UV-B and UV-C wavelengths [abstract]. American Chemical Society National Meeting. 252(16):1.

5th Latin American pesticide residue workshop (LAPRW 2015) - (Proceedings)
Lehotay, S.J. 2016. 5th Latin American pesticide residue workshop (LAPRW 2015). Chromatographia. 79:1057-1059. doi: 10.1007/s10337-016-3139-4.

Automated mini-column solid-phase extraction cleanup for high-throughput analysis of chemical contaminants in foods by low-pressure gas chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lehotay, S.J., Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y.V. 2016. Automated mini-column solid-phase extraction cleanup for high-throughput analysis of chemical contaminants in foods by low-pressure gas chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographia. 79:1113-1130. doi: 10.1007/s10337-016-3116-y.

Ambient-temperature trap/release of arsenic by dielectric barrier discharge and its application to ultratrace arsenic determination in surface water followed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Mao, X., Qi, Y., Huang, J., Liu, J., Chen, G., Na, X., Wang, M., Qian, Y. 2016. Ambient-temperature trap/release of arsenic by dielectric barrier discharge and its application to ultratrace arsenic determination in surface water followed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 88(7):4147-4152. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00506.