Skip to main content
ARS Home » Plains Area » Lubbock, Texas » Cropping Systems Research Laboratory » Livestock Issues Research » Research » Research Project #442533

Research Project: Environmental and Management Influences on Animal Productivity and Well-Being Phenotypes

Location: Livestock Issues Research

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon Reprint Icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Effects of corticotrophin releasing hormone and vasopressin challenge duration on hematologic, metabolic, and rumen fermentation parameters of growing beef steers - (Peer Reviewed Journal)

Vitamin C supplementation prior to transportation affects ante- and postmortem oxidative products in composite calves - (Abstract Only)

Assessing endotoxin or Escherichia coli vaccine administration during gestation as a means to alter postnatal immune function in pigs Reprint Icon - (Abstract Only)
Sanchez, N.C., Dobbins, T.W., Murphy, I., Barker, S.N., Dornbach, C.W., Childress, K.D., McDaniel, Z.S., Grant, M.S., Hales, K.E., Broadway, P.R., Oliver, W.T., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Legako, J.F., Petry, A.L. 2024. Assessing endotoxin or Escherichia coli vaccine administration during gestation as a means to alter postnatal immune function in pigs. Journal of Animal Science Supplement. 102(3):671-672. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.760.

Evaluation of hematological changes as indicators of liver abscess formation in beef x dairy cross steers - (Abstract Only)

Metabolomic profile of plasma from cattle challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - (Abstract Only)

Longitudinal assessment of Salmonella enterica prevalence and concentration throughout the gastrointestinal tract of finishing beef steers with and without liver abscesses - (Abstract Only)

Evaluating the effects of acidosis and bacterial concentrations on the development of liver abscesses in beef steers - (Abstract Only)

Evaluating the effects of acidosis and bacterial concentrations on the development of liver abscesses in beef steers - (Abstract Only)

Longitudinal assessment of Salmonella enterica prevalence and concentration throughout the gastrointestinal tract in finishing beef steers with and without liver abscesses - (Abstract Only)

Evaluating the effects of acidosis and bacterial concentrations on the development of liver abscesses in beef steers - (Abstract Only)

Evaluating the repeatability of a model for inducing liver abscesses using an acidotic diet and intraruminal bacterial inoculation and exploring the roles of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Salmonella enterica - (Abstract Only)

The effects of increasing roughage neutral detergent fiber concentration and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on performance, carcass characteristics, and liver abscesses in finishing beef steers fed diets without tylosin... Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
McDaniel, Z.S., Galyean, M.L., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Hanratty, A.N., Dornbach, C.W., Line, D.J., Smock, T.M., Hoffman, A.A., Manahan, J.L., Hales, K.E. 2024. The effects of increasing roughage neutral detergent fiber concentration and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on performance, carcass characteristics, and liver abscesses in finishing beef steers fed diets without tylosin phosphate. Applied Animal Science. 40(3):269-278. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02484.

Liver abscesses – new perspectives on a historic fed cattle issue Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Broadway, P.R., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Galyean, M.L., Hales, K.E. 2024. Liver abscesses – new perspectives on a historic fed cattle issue. Applied Animal Science. 40(3):237-243. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02498.

Validation of an experimental model to induce liver abscesses in steers using an acidotic diet challenge and intraruminal bacterial inoculation Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
McDaniel, Z.S., Hales, K.E., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Tennant, T.C., Amachawadi, R.G., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Galyean, M.L., Davis, E., Kohl, K.B., Line, D.J., Dornbach, C.W., Salih, H., Deters, A., Shi, X., Ballou, M.A., Machado, V.S., Smock, T.M., Broadway, P.R. 2024. Validation of an experimental model to induce liver abscesses in steers using an acidotic diet challenge and intraruminal bacterial inoculation. Applied Animal Science. 40(3):398-413. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02485.

Changing immunity in piglets prior to birth - (Popular Publication)
Sanchez, N.C., Mitchell, T., Broadway, P.R., Petry, A., Legako, J., Carroll, J.A. 2024. Changing immunity in piglets prior to birth. National Hog Farmer. January/February:13-15.

Use of a novel direct-fed microbial as an alternative for tylosin phosphate to control liver abscesses and decrease antimicrobial use in finishing beef steers Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hoffman, A.A., Fernando, S.C., Wells, J., Woerner, D.R., Manahan, J.L., Long, N.S., McDaniel, Z.S., Smock, T.M., Line, D.J., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Hales, K.E. 2024. Use of a novel direct-fed microbial as an alternative for tylosin phosphate to control liver abscesses and decrease antimicrobial use in finishing beef steers. Applied Animal Science. 40(3):307-316. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02483.

The impact of corn-based fiber on intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activity in growing pigs - (Abstract Only)

The impact of corn-based fiber on digesta short chain fatty acid composition and pH in growing pigs - (Abstract Only)

Development of an experimental model to induce liver abscesses in steers using an acidotic diet challenge and intraruminal bacterial inoculation Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
McDaniel, Z.S., Hales, K.E., Salih, H., Deters, A., Shi, X., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Amachawadi, R.G., Tennant, T.T., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Galyean, M.L., Smock, T.M., Ballou, M.A., Machado, V.S., Davis, E., Broadway, P.R. 2024. Development of an experimental model to induce liver abscesses in steers using an acidotic diet challenge and intraruminal bacterial inoculation. Journal of Animal Science. 102(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.082.

Random metaphylaxis effects on health outcomes, complete blood count, antimicrobial use, and growth performance of high-risk beef steers Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hanratty, A.N., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Hoffman, A.A., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Smock, T.M., Dornbach, C., Line, D., Theurer, M.E., Galyean, M.L., Hales, K.E. 2023. Random metaphylaxis effects on health outcomes, complete blood count, antimicrobial use, and growth performance of high-risk beef steers. Applied Animal Science. 39:380-390. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02458.

Removing maternal heat stress abatement during gestation modulated postnatal physiology and improved performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef offspring Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Izquierdo, V.S., Silva, J.V., Ranches, J., Santos, G.C., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Bittar, J.H., Vendramini, J.M., Moriel, P. 2023. Removing maternal heat stress abatement during gestation modulated postnatal physiology and improved performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef offspring. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad250 https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad250.

Evaluation of an endotoxin challenge and intraruminal bacterial inoculation model to induce liver abscesses in Holstein steers Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
McDaniel, Z.S., Hales, K.E., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Amachawadi, R.G., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Galyean, M.L., Smock, T.M., Ballou, M.A., Machado, V.S., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Evaluation of an endotoxin challenge and intraruminal bacterial inoculation model to induce liver abscesses in Holstein steers. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad 242. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad242.

Ante-mortem stress effects the oxidative products and color stability of steaks following retail display - (Proceedings)
Barker, S.N., Kohl, K.B., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Bratcher, C.L., Legako, J.F. 2023. Ante-mortem stress effects the oxidative products and color stability of steaks following retail display. International Congress of Meat Science and Technology Proceedings.

Principal component analysis of measures of meat quality related with incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) - (Abstract Only)
Barker, S.N., Legako, J.F., Hales, K.E., Long, N.L., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Principal component analysis of measures of meat quality related with incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Meat and Muscle Biology.

Metabolomic profiling of the longissimus dorsi of weaned piglets following pre- and postnatal lipopolysaccharide challenges - (Abstract Only)
Dobbins, T.W., Hernandez, S.M., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Mitchell, T.M., Petry, A.L., Legako, J.F. 2023. Metabolomic profiling of the longissimus dorsi of weaned piglets following pre- and postnatal lipopolysaccharide challenges. Meat and Muscle Biology.

Infrared thermography or rectal temperature as qualification for targeted metaphylaxis in high-risk, newly received beef steers and the effects on growth performance, complete blood count, and serum haptoglovin during... Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smock, T.M., Broadway, P.R., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Hoffman, A.A., Long, N.S., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Theurer, M.E., Wells, J., Hales, K.E. 2023. Infrared thermography or rectal temperature as qualification for targeted metaphylaxis in high-risk, newly received beef steers and the effects on growth performance, complete blood count, and serum haptoglovin during a 42-day feedlot receiving period. Applied Animal Science. 39(4):213-226. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2022-02370.

Foraging for collaboration: Beef-forage system strengths unite research and extension efforts in the ASAS Southern Section - (Abstract Only)
Mullenix, K., Gadberry, S., Rhinehart, J., Dillard, J., Tucker, J.J., Stewart, L., Vendramini, J.M., Poole, D.H., Sanchez, N.C., Mercadante, V.R., Bratcher, C.L., Welsh, T.H., Justice, M., Soffa, D. 2023. Foraging for collaboration: Beef-forage system strengths unite research and extension efforts in the ASAS Southern Section. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

An updated profile of the bovine acute phase response following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Smock, T.M., Broadway, P.R., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Theurer, M.E., Hales, K.E. 2023. An updated profile of the bovine acute phase response following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad133. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad133.

Evaluation of the use of prenatal immune stimulation on the ability to alter postnatal immune function in weaned pigs - (Abstract Only)
Sanchez, N.C., Mitchell, T.M., Broadway, P.R., Bowen, B.M., Davis, E.M., Dobbins, T., Barker, S.N., Legako, J.F., Petry, A.L., Carroll, J.A. 2023. Evaluation of the use of prenatal immune stimulation on the ability to alter postnatal immune function in weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

The effects of roughage neutral detergent fiber level and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and liver abscesses in finishing beef steers - (Abstract Only)
McDaniel, Z.S., Galyean, M.L., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Hanratty, A.N., Hoffman, A.A., Dornbach, C.W., Line, D.J., Smock, T.M., Hales, K.E. 2023. The effects of roughage neutral detergent fiber level and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and liver abscesses in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Development of an experimental model to induce liver abscesses in steers using an acidotic diet challenge and oral bacterial inoculation - (Abstract Only)
McDaniel, Z.S., Hales, K.E., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Amachawadi, R.G., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Galyean, M.L., Smock, T.M., Ballou, M.A., Machado, V.S., Dabvis, E.M., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Development of an experimental model to induce liver abscesses in steers using an acidotic diet challenge and oral bacterial inoculation. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

The effect of a prenatal immune challenge on offspring skeletal muscle characteristics in the longissimus dorsi of weaned pigs - (Abstract Only)
Dobbins, T.W., Legako, J.F., Ferniss, L.K., Wesley, K.R., Johnson, B.J., Petry, A.L., Broadway, P.R., Sanchez, N.C. 2023. The effect of a prenatal immune challenge on offspring skeletal muscle characteristics in the longissimus dorsi of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Using a novel direct-fed microbial as an alternative for tylosin phosphate to control liver abscesses and decrease antimicrobial use in finishing beef steers - (Abstract Only)
Hoffman, A.A., Fernando, S.C., Wells, J., Woerner, D.R., Manahan, J.L., Long, N.S., McDaniel, Z.S., Smock, T.M., Line, D.J., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Hales, K.E. 2023. Using a novel direct-fed microbial as an alternative for tylosin phosphate to control liver abscesses and decrease antimicrobial use in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Development of a bacteriophage-based feed additive to prevent bovine liver abscesses - (Abstract Only)
Mathieu, J., Laverde, J., Schwarz, C., Tikhonova, M., Miller, M., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Alvarez, P. 2023. Development of a bacteriophage-based feed additive to prevent bovine liver abscesses. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Development of a novel, experimental, and minimally invasive model to investigate the genesis and etiology of liver abscesses in cattle - (Abstract Only)
Broadway, P.R., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Amachawadi, R., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Galyean, M.L., Hales, K.E. 2023. Development of a novel, experimental, and minimally invasive model to investigate the genesis and etiology of liver abscesses in cattle. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 resistance to antimicrobials in feedlot cattle sourced and finished in different regions of the U.S. - (Abstract Only)
Dornbach, C.W., Hales, K.E., Gubbels, E., Wells, J., Hoffman, A.A., Hanratty, A.N., Line, D.J., Smock, T.M., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Kohl, K.B., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Rusche, W., Smith, Z.K., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 resistance to antimicrobials in feedlot cattle sourced and finished in different regions of the U.S.. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

The use of random metaphylaxis administered 0, 33, 66, or 100% at feedlot arrival on health outcomes, complete blood count, and growth performance of high-risk beef cattle - (Abstract Only)
Hanratty, A.N., Broadway, P.R., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Hoffman, A.A., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Line, D.J., Dornbach, C.W., Smock, T.M., Theurer, M.E., Galyean, M.L., Hales, K.E. 2023. The use of random metaphylaxis administered 0, 33, 66, or 100% at feedlot arrival on health outcomes, complete blood count, and growth performance of high-risk beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Evaluation of Post-Transit Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Heifers Sourced and Finished in Different Regions of the U.S. - (Abstract Only)
Gubbels, E.R., Dornbach, C.W., Rusche, W.C., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Hales, K.E., Broadway, P.R., Smith, Z.K. 2023. Evaluation of Post-Transit Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Heifers Sourced and Finished in Different Regions of the U.S. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 resistance to antimicrobials in feedlot cattle sourced and finished in different regions of the U.S. Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Dornbach, C.W., Hales, K.E., Gubbels, E., Wells, J., Hoffman, A.A., Hanratty, A.N., Line, D.J., Smock, T.M., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Kohl, K.B., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Warren, R., Smith, Z.K., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 resistance to antimicrobials in feedlot cattle sourced and finished in different regions of the U.S. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 20(8). https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2023.0009.

Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 resistance to antimicrobials in feedlot cattle sourced and finished in different regions of the U.S - (Abstract Only)
Dornbach, C.W., Hales, K.E., Gubbels, E., Wells, J., Hoffman, A.A., Hanratty, A.N., Line, D.J., Smock, T.M., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Kohl, K.B., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Rusche, W., Smith, W., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 resistance to antimicrobials in feedlot cattle sourced and finished in different regions of the U.S. Proceeding of Plains Nutrition Council Symposium. p. 98.

Using a novel direct-fed microbial as an alternative for tylosin phosphate to control liver abscesses and decrease antimicrobial use in finishing beef - (Abstract Only)
Hoffman, A.A., Fernando, S.C., Wells, J., Woerner, D.R., Manahan, J.L., Long, N.S., McDaniel, Z.S., Smock, T.M., Line, D.J., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Hales, K.E. 2023. Using a novel direct-fed microbial as an alternative for tylosin phosphate to control liver abscesses and decrease antimicrobial use in finishing beef. Proceeding of Plains Nutrition Council Symposium. p. 106.

Evaluating bacterial inoculation and dietary changes to study the genesis and prevalence of liver abscesses in cattle - (Abstract Only)
McDaniel, Z.S., Hales, K.E., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Tennant, T.C., Amachawadi, R.G., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Galyean, M.L., Ballou, M.A., Machado, V.S., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Evaluating bacterial inoculation and dietary changes to study the genesis and prevalence of liver abscesses in cattle. Proceeding of Plains Nutrition Council Symposium. p. 112.

Evaluation of Post-Transit Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Heifers Sourced and Finished in Different Regions of the U.S. - (Abstract Only)
Gubbels, E., Dornbach, C.W., Rusche, W., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Hales, K.E., Broadway, P.R., Smith, Z.K. 2023. Evaluation of Post-Transit Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Heifers Sourced and Finished in Different Regions of the U.S. Proceeding of Plains Nutrition Council Symposium.

Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 in beef heifers sourced and finished in different regions of the United States - (Abstract Only)
Dornbach, C.W., Hales, K.E., Gubbels, E., Wells, J., Hoffman, A.A., Hanratty, A.N., Line, D.J., Smock, T.M., Manahan, J.L., McDaniel, Z.S., Kohl, K.B., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Rusche, W., Smith, Z., Broadway, P.R. 2023. Longitudinal assessment of prevalence and incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 in beef heifers sourced and finished in different regions of the United States. Beef Industry Food Safety Council Safety Summit.

Infrared thermography as an alternative technique for measuring body temperature in cattle Reprint Icon - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Hoffman, A.A., Long, N.S., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Richeson, J.T., Jackson, T.C., Hale, K.E. 2023. Infrared thermography as an alternative technique for measuring body temperature in cattle. Applied Animal Science. 39(2):94-98. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2022-02360.

The impact of hair coat color on body temperature in beef cattle - (Abstract Only)
Holliday, C.M., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Goerndt, M.E., Walker, E.L., Mcgee, A.L. 2023. The impact of hair coat color on body temperature in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Assessing the ability to immunomodulate the innate immune system and oxidative defense system of weaned pigs through prenatal lipopolysaccharide challenge in late gestating sows - (Abstract Only)
Mitchell, T.M., Sanchez, N.C., Carroll, J.A., Broadway, P.R., Legako, J.F., Petry, A.L. 2023. Assessing the ability to immunomodulate the innate immune system and oxidative defense system of weaned pigs through prenatal lipopolysaccharide challenge in late gestating sows. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Evaluating the influence of soybean meal and its bioactive functional compounds on nutrient utilization, fermentation, and gastrointestinal metabolites of nursery pigs - (Abstract Only)
Bowen, B.M., Sasser, C., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Legako, J.F., Petry, A.L. 2023. Evaluating the influence of soybean meal and its bioactive functional compounds on nutrient utilization, fermentation, and gastrointestinal metabolites of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Investigating the role of soybean meal and its innate bioactive functional compounds on nursery pig systemic health, inflammatory markers, and gastrointestinal physiology - (Abstract Only)
Bowen, B.M., Sasser, C., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Legako, J.F., Petry, A.L. 2023. Investigating the role of soybean meal and its innate bioactive functional compounds on nursery pig systemic health, inflammatory markers, and gastrointestinal physiology. Journal of Animal Science Supplement.

Modulation of the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide through ghrelin administration in weaned pigs - (Abstract Only)
Sanchez, N.C., Dailey, J.W., Broadway, P.R., Davis, E.M., Bowen, B.M., Petry, A.L., Ballou, M.A., Hales, K.E., Carroll, J.A. 2023. Modulation of the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide through ghrelin administration in weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science Supplement. 101(1):70-71.

Impact of different stressors on physiological and immunological variables in dairy calves - (Abstract Only)
Kohl, K.B., Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R., Carroll, J.A., Legako, J.F., Barker, S.N., Dobbins, T., Hernancez, S., Loomas, K., Bratcher, C.L. 2023. Impact of different stressors on physiological and immunological variables in dairy calves. Journal of Animal Science Supplement. 101(1):60-61.

Impacts of pre- and postpartum heat stress abatement on physiology and performance of grazing Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs - (Abstract Only)
Izquierdo, V.S., Silva, J.L., Silva, H.M., Ranches, J., Carroll, J.A., Sanchez, N.C., Bittar, J.H., Vendramini, J.M., Moriel, P. 2023. Impacts of pre- and postpartum heat stress abatement on physiology and performance of grazing Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. Journal of Animal Science Supplement. 101(1):41-42.

Evaluation of the use of prenatal immune stimulation on the ability to alter postnatal immune function in weaned pigs - (Abstract Only)
Sanchez, N.C., Mitchell, T., Broadway, P.R., Bowen, B.M., Davis, E.M., Dobbins, T., Barker, S.N., Legako, J.F., Petry, A.L., Carroll, J.A. 2022. Evaluation of the use of prenatal immune stimulation on the ability to alter postnatal immune function in weaned pigs. USDA-ARS & TTU Research Spotlight.