Research Project: Optimizing Nutrient Management and Efficiency of Beef Cattle and Swine

Location: Nutrition, Growth and Physiology

Publications (Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.)

Effect of beef heifer development systems utilizing corn residue and late summer planted cover crops on growth, reproductive performance, and economics - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Speer, H.F., Cushman, R.A., Freetly, H.C., Parsons, J., Windh, J., Drewnoski, M.E. 2024. Effect of beef heifer development systems utilizing corn residue and late summer planted cover crops on growth, reproductive performance, and economics. Translational Animal Science. 8. Article txae111. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae111.

Disrupted one-carbon metabolism in heifers negatively affects their health and physiology - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Crouse, M.S., Trotta, R.J., Freetly, H.C., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Neville, B.W., Oliver, W.T., Hammer, C.J., Syring, J.G., King, L.E., Neville, T.L., Reynolds, L.P., Dahlen, C.R., Caton, J.S., Ward, A.K., Cushman, R.A. 2024. Disrupted one-carbon metabolism in heifers negatively affects their health and physiology. Journal of Animal Science. 102. Article skae144. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae144.

Malnutrition alters protein expression of KNDy neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus of mature ewes - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Thorson, J.F., Prezotto, L.D. 2024. Malnutrition alters protein expression of KNDy neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus of mature ewes. Frontiers in Physiology. 15. Article 1372944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1372944.

Genes involved in the cholecystokinin receptor signaling map were differentially expressed in the jejunum of steers with variation in residual feed intake - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kern-Lunbery, R.K., Rathert-Williams, A.R., Foote, A.P., Cunningham-Hollinger, H.C., Kuehn, L.A., Meyer, A.M., Lindholm-Perry, A.K. 2024. Genes involved in the cholecystokinin receptor signaling map were differentially expressed in the jejunum of steers with variation in residual feed intake. Veterinary and Animal Science. 24. Article 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2024.100357.

Differing planes of nutrition alter serum amino acid composition in nonpregnant, multiparous beef cows on day 3 of the estrous cycle - (Abstract Only)

Utilization of rumen protected lysine and methionine in beef feedlot diets: Impacts on steer performance - (Abstract Only)
Neville, B.W., Oliver, W.T., Wells, J., Crouse, M.S., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Thorson, J.F., Kuehn, L.A., Freetly, H.C. 2024. Utilization of rumen protected lysine and methionine in beef feedlot diets: Impacts on steer performance [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science. 102(Supplement 3):732. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.099.

Why are some cows skinny? An evaluation of stress and immune factors - (Abstract Only)
Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Kuehn, L.A., Freetly, H.C., Oliver, W.T., Neville, B.W., Crouse, M.S., Thorson, J.F., Wells, J., Keel, B.N. 2024. Why are some cows skinny? An evaluation of stress and immune factors [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science. 102(Supplement 3):88. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.099.

Altering methyl donors to beef heifers during the periconceptual period impacts fetal muscle transcript abundance - (Abstract Only)
Hauxwell, K.M., Cushman, R.A., Caton, J.S., Diniz, W.J., Keel, B.N., Ward, A.K., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Snider, A.P., Freetly, H.C., Dahlen, C.R., Amat, S., Neville, B.W., Thorson, J.F., Oliver, W.T., Miles, J.R., Crouse, M.S. 2024. Altering methyl donors to beef heifers during the periconceptual period impacts fetal muscle transcript abundance [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science. 102(Supplement 3):205. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.240.

Maternal rate of gain and one-carbon metabolites supplementation alters the gene expression profile of fetal brain during early gestation in beef heifers - (Abstract Only)
Anas, M., Ward, A.K., Diniz, W.J., King, L.E., Syring, J.G., Entzie, Y.L., Hirchert, M.R., Borowicz, P.P., Crouse, M.S., Reynolds, L.P., Dahlen, C.R., Caton, J.S. 2024. Maternal rate of gain and one-carbon metabolites supplementation alters the gene expression profile of fetal brain during early gestation in beef heifers [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science. 102(Supplement 3):204. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.239.

Influence of maternal nutrition and one-carbon metabolites supplementation during early pregnancy on bovine fetal small intestine vascularity and cell proliferation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Daneshi, M., Borowicz, P.P., Entzie, Y.L., Syring, J.G., King, L.E., Safain, K.S., Anas, M., Reynolds, L.P., Ward, A.K., Dahlen, C.R., Crouse, M.S., Caton, J.S. 2024. Influence of maternal nutrition and one-carbon metabolites supplementation during early pregnancy on bovine fetal small intestine vascularity and cell proliferation. Veterinary Sciences. 11(4). Article 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040146.

One-carbon metabolite supplementation influences fetal liver metabolites and metabolic pathways in a diet-dependent manner during early pregnancy in heifers - (Abstract Only)

Tissue-specific impact of one-carbon metabolite supplementation and nutrient restriction in gestating heifers on fetal mitochondrial-related gene profiles - (Abstract Only)

One-carbon metabolite supplementation to nutrient-restricted beef heifers affects placental vascularity during early pregnancy - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Kanjanaruch, C., Bochantin, K.A., Davila Ruiz, B.J., Syring, J., Entzie, Y., King, L., Borowicz, P.P., Crouse, M.S., Caton, J.S., Dahlen, C.R., Ward, A.K., Reynolds, L.P. 2024. One-carbon metabolite supplementation to nutrient-restricted beef heifers affects placental vascularity during early pregnancy. Journal of Animal Science. 102. Article skae044. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae044.

Ileal epithelial tissue transcript profiles of steers with experimentally induced liver abscesses - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Keel, B.N., Hales, K.E., Wells, J.E., Kuehn, L.A., Keele, J.W., Crouse, M.S., Nonneman, D.J., Nagaraja, T.G., Lawrence, T.E., Amachawadi, R.G., Carroll, J.A., Burdick Sanchez, N.C., Broadway, P.R. 2024. Ileal epithelial tissue transcript profiles of steers with experimentally induced liver abscesses. Applied Animal Science. 40(3):414-420. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02503.

Late gestational nutrient restriction in primiparous beef females: Performance and metabolic status of lactating dams and pre-weaning calves - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Redifer, C.A., Wichman, L.G., Davies-Jenkins, S.L., Rathert-Williams, A.R., Freetly, H.C., Meyer, A.M. 2024. Late gestational nutrient restriction in primiparous beef females: Performance and metabolic status of lactating dams and pre-weaning calves. Journal of Animal Science. 102. Article skae015. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae015.

Predicting feed intake in confined beef cows - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Gross, M.A., Holder, A.L., Moehlenpah, A.N., Freetly, H.C., Goad, C.L., Beck, P.A., DeVuyst, E.A., Lalman, D.L. 2024. Predicting feed intake in confined beef cows. Translational Animal Science. 8. Article txae001. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txae001.

Effects of protein concentration and beta-adrenergic agonists on ruminal bacterial communities in finishing beef heifers - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Pfau, A.P., Henniger, M.T., Samuelson, K.L., Hales, K.E., Loest, C.A., Hubbert, M.E., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Egert-McLean, A.M., Mason, K., Shepherd, E.A., Voy, B.H., Myer, P.R. 2024. Effects of protein concentration and beta-adrenergic agonists on ruminal bacterial communities in finishing beef heifers. PLOS ONE. 19(2). Article e0296407. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296407.

Connecting the dots with nutrition and developing females - (Abstract Only)
Crouse, M.S. 2024. Connecting the dots with nutrition and developing females. National Cattlemen's Convention and Trade Show. Jan. 31-Feb. 2, 2024, Orlando, FL.

Epigenetics and nutrition: Molecular mechanisms and tissue adaptation in developmental programming - (Book / Chapter)
Diniz, W.J., Reynolds, L.P., Ward, A.K., Caton, J.S., Dahlen, C.R., McCarthy, K.L., Menezes, A.B., Cushman, R.A., Crouse, M.S. 2024. Epigenetics and nutrition: Molecular mechanisms and tissue adaptation in developmental programming. In: Vaschetto, L. M., editor. Epigenetics and Human Health. 12. Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 49-69.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 has a diverse role in energetic and reproductive physiological functions of female beef cattle - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Prezotto, L.D., Keane, J.A., Cupp, A.S., Thorson, J.F. 2023. Fibroblast growth factor 21 has a diverse role in energetic and reproductive physiological functions of female beef cattle. Animals. 13(20). Article 3185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203185.

Maternal amino acid supplementation from pre-breeding through early gestation alters fetal muscle development - (Other)
Hauxwell, K.M., Cushman, R.A., Caton, J.S., Ward, A.K., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Snider, A.P., Freetly, H.C., Dahlen, C.R., Amat, S., Neville, B.W., Thorson, J.F., Oliver, W.T., Miles, J.R., Crouse, M.S. 2023. Maternal amino acid supplementation from pre-breeding through early gestation alters fetal muscle development. North Dakota Livestock Research Report. 18-21. Available: https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/2023-north-dakota-livestock-research-report

Vitamin A in cow-calf production: Impacts of maternal supplementation and status on offspring - (Other)
Speer, H.F., Freetly, H.C., Wilke, K.H., Drewnoski, M.E. 2024. Vitamin A in cow-calf production: Impacts of maternal supplementation and status on offspring. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report. p. 25-27.

Rumen and cecum bacteria of beef cattle that differ in feed efficiency fed a forage diet - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Freetly, H.C., Lindholm-Perry, A.K. 2023. Rumen and cecum bacteria of beef cattle that differ in feed efficiency fed a forage diet. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad292. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad292.

Role of the placenta in developmental programming: Observations from models using large animals - (Review Article)
Reynolds, L.P., Dahlen, C.R., Ward, A.K., Crouse, M.S., Borowicz, P.P., Davila-Ruiz, B.J., Kanjanaruch, C., Bochantin, K.A., McLean, K.J., McCarthy, K.L., Menezes, A.C.B., Diniz, W.J.S., Cushman, R.A., Caton, J.S. 2023. Role of the placenta in developmental programming: Observations from models using large animals. Animal Reproduction Science. 257. Article 107322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107322.

Influence of pre-weaning trace mineral exposure on subsequent performance and trace mineral status of beef calves during finishing - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Neville, B.W., Baumgaertner, F., Pickinpaugh, W.J., Menezes, A.C., McCarthy, K.L., Undi, M.R., Dahlen, C.R. 2024. Influence of pre-weaning trace mineral exposure on subsequent performance and trace mineral status of beef calves during finishing. Bovine Practitioner. 58(1):1-7.

Paternal effects on fetal programming - (Review Article)
Dahlen, C.L., Amat, S., Caton, J.S., Crouse, M.S., Diniz, W.J., Reynolds, L.P. 2023. Paternal effects on fetal programming. Animal Reproduction. 20(2). Article e20230076. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0076.

Leveraging the potential of molecular and genetic markers to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle - (Abstract Only)
Lindholm-Perry, A.K. 2023. Leveraging the potential of molecular and genetic markers to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 101(Supplement 3):94. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.115.

Late gestational nutrient restriction in primiparous beef females: Nutrient partitioning among the dam, fetus, and colostrum during gestation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Redifer, C.A., Wichman, L.G., Rathert-Williams, A.R., Freetly, H.C., Meyer, A.M. 2023. Late gestational nutrient restriction in primiparous beef females: Nutrient partitioning among the dam, fetus, and colostrum during gestation. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad195. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad195.

Impact of maternal plane of nutrition in combination with strategic one-carbon metabolites supplementation during early pregnancy on vascularity and cell proliferation in the fetal small intestine - (Abstract Only)
Daneshi, M., Syring, J., Entzie, Y., King, L., Anas, M., Hirchert, M., Crouse, M.S., Ward, A., Dahlen, C.R., Borowicz, P., Caton, J.S. 2023. Impact of maternal plane of nutrition in combination with strategic one-carbon metabolites supplementation during early pregnancy on vascularity and cell proliferation in the fetal small intestine. Journal of Animal Science. 101(Supplement 3):540-541. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281636.

Effects of dietary restriction and one-carbon metabolite supplementation during early gestation on the maternal gut and vaginal microbiota in cattle - (Abstract Only)
Luecke, S.M., Aryee, G., Holman, D.B., Schmidt, K.N., Crouse, M.S., Ward, A., Dahlen, C.R., Caton, J.S., Amat, S. 2023. Effects of dietary restriction and one-carbon metabolite supplementation during early gestation on the maternal gut and vaginal microbiota in cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 101(Supplement 3):534-535. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.628.

Supplementation of one-carbon metabolites influences fetal maintenance energy and programming of energy utilization in fetal liver during early pregnancy in heifers - (Abstract Only)
Safain, K., Hirchert, M., Ward, A., Caton, J., Entzie, Y., Syring, J., Anas, M., King, L., Crouse, M., Dahlen, C., Swanson, K. 2023. Supplementation of one-carbon metabolites influences fetal maintenance energy and programming of energy utilization in fetal liver during early pregnancy in heifers. Current Developments in Nutrition. 7 (Supplement 1):311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100809.

Heritability of beef cow metabolizable energy for maintenance - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Freetly, H.C., Jacobs, D.R., Thallman, R.M., Snelling, W.M., Kuehn, L.A. 2023. Heritability of beef cow metabolizable energy for maintenance. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad145. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad145.

Concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in maternal serum and fetal fluids, metabolite interrelationships, and hepatic transcript...of key folate and methionine cycle genes: The impacts of...nutrition...50 d of gestation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Syring, J.G., Crouse, M.S., Neville, T.L., Ward, A.K., Dahlen, C.R., Reynolds, L.P., Borowicz, P.P., McLean, K.J., Neville, B.W., Caton, J.S. 2023. Concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in maternal serum and fetal fluids, metabolite interrelationships, and hepatic transcript abundance of key folate and methionine cycle genes: The impacts of maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation. Journal of Animal Science. 101(1). Article skad139. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad139.

Beet pulp as an alternative roughage source for feedlot steers fed feedlot diets based on dry-rolled corn containing 30% modified distillers grains with solubles - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Neville, B.W., Pickinpaugh, W.J., Mittleider, L.J., Caton, J.S. 2023. Beet pulp as an alternative roughage source for feedlot steers fed feedlot diets based on dry-rolled corn containing 30% modified distillers grains with solubles. Applied Animal Science. 39(4):236-243. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2022-02379.

Methionine and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation during the periconceptual period of gestation shifts methionine metabolism of fetal bull calves at d 63 of gestation - (Abstract Only)
Crouse, M.S., Hauxwell, K., Caton, J.S., Ward, A., Dahlen, C.R., Amat, S., Freetly, H.C., Lindholm-Perry, A., Neville, B.W., Oliver, W.T., Thorson, J., Snider, A.P., Miles, J.R., Cushman, R.A. 2023. Methionine and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation during the periconceptual period of gestation shifts methionine metabolism of fetal bull calves at d 63 of gestation. Journal of Animal Science. 101(Supplement 3):172. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.208.

Methionine and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation throughout the periconceptual period of gestation alters metabolite concentrations and fetal development - (Abstract Only)
Hauxwell, K.M., Cushman, R.A., Caton, J.S., Ward, A.K., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Snider, A.P., Freetly, H.C., Dahlen, C.R., Amat, S., Oliver, W.T., Miles, J.R., Crouse, M.S. 2023. Methionine and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation throughout the periconceptual period of gestation alters metabolite concentrations and fetal development. Journal of Animal Science. 101(Supplement 3):329-330. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.395.

Supplementation of one-carbon metabolites to beef heifers during early gestation increases fetal organ weight and prioritizes organ development at day 161 of gestation - (Abstract Only)

Influence of maternal dietary protein precursor on reproductive endocrinology of neonatal bovine offspring - (Abstract Only)
Thorson, J.F., Prezotto, L.D. 2023. Influence of maternal dietary protein precursor on reproductive endocrinology of neonatal bovine offspring. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 7(Supplement 1):A844-A845. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvad114.1580.

Effects of adding ruminal propionate on dry matter intake and glucose metabolism in steers fed a finishing ration - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Rathert-Williams, A.R., McConnell, H.L., Salisbury, C.M., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Lalman, D.L., Pezeshki, A., Foote, A.P. 2023. Effects of adding ruminal propionate on dry matter intake and glucose metabolism in steers fed a finishing ration. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skad072. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad072.

One-carbon metabolite supplementation with plane of nutrition during early gestation alters maternal serum metabolite concentrations in beef heifers - (Abstract Only)
Entzie, Y.L., King, L.E., Syring, J.G., Hirchert, M.R., Swanson, K.C., Crouse, M.S., Dahlen, C.D., Reynolds, L.P., Ward, A.K., Caton, J.S. 2023. One-carbon metabolite supplementation with plane of nutrition during early gestation alters maternal serum metabolite concentrations in beef heifers. Animal. 14(3):507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2023.03.123.

Fetal hepatic lipidome is more greatly affected by maternal rate of gain compared with vitamin and mineral supplementation at day 83 of gestation - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Menezes, A.B., Dahlen, C.R., McCarthy, K.L., Kassetas, C.J., Baumgaertner, F., Kirsch, J.D., Dorsam, S.T., Neville, T.L., Ward, A.K., Borowicz, P.P., Reynolds, L.P., Sedivec, K.K., Forcherio, J.C., Scott, R., Caton, J.S., Crouse, M.S. 2023. Fetal hepatic lipidome is more greatly affected by maternal rate of gain compared with vitamin and mineral supplementation at day 83 of gestation. Metabolites. 13(2). Article 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020175.

One-carbon metabolite supplementation to heifers for the first 14 d of the...alters the plasma and hepatic one-carbon metabolite pool and methionine-folate cycle enzyme transcript abundance in a dose-dependent manner - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Crouse, M.S., Freetly, H.C., Lindholm-Perry, A.K., Neville, B.W., Oliver, W.T., Lee, R.T., Syring, J.G., King, L.E., Reynolds, L.P., Dahlen, C.R., Caton, J.S., Ward, A.K., Cushman, R.A. 2023. One-carbon metabolite supplementation to heifers for the first 14 d of the estrous cycle alters the plasma and hepatic one-carbon metabolite pool and methionine-folate cycle enzyme transcript abundance in a dose-dependent manner. Journal of Animal Science. 101. Article skac419. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac419.

Effect of dietary urea in gestating beef cows: Circulating metabolites, morphometrics, and mammary secretions - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Prezotto, L.D., Thorson, J.F. 2023. Effect of dietary urea in gestating beef cows: Circulating metabolites, morphometrics, and mammary secretions. Animals. 13(1). Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010006.

Effects of differing planes of nutrition and one-carbon metabolite supplementation of beef heifers on B12, folate, and folate intermediate concentrations in the dam and fetus - (Abstract Only)
Syring, J., Crouse, M.S., Entzie, Y., King, L., Hirchert, M., Ward, A.K., Lee, R., Reynolds, L.P., Borowicz, P.P., Dahlen, C.R., Caton, J.S. 2023. Effects of differing planes of nutrition and one-carbon metabolite supplementation of beef heifers on B12, folate, and folate intermediate concentrations in the dam and fetus. Journal of Animal Science. 101(Supplement 2):205-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.228.

Maternal nutrition and developmental programming of offspring - (Review Article)
Reynolds, L.P., Diniz, W.J., Crouse, M.S., Caton, J.S., Dahlen, C.R., Borowicz, P.P., Ward, A.K. 2022. Maternal nutrition and developmental programming of offspring. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 35(2):19-26. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD22234.

Effects of supplementing one-carbon metabolites to first time heifers receiving adequate or restricted feed intake during early gestation - (Other)
Entzie, Y.L., King, L.E., Syring, J.G., Hirchert, M., Caton, J.S., Crouse, M.S., Dahlen, C.R., Ward, A.K. 2022. Effects of supplementing one-carbon metabolites to first time heifers receiving adequate or restricted feed intake during early gestation. 2022 North Dakota Livestock Research Report. 56-59. Available: https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/2022-north-dakota-livestock-research-report

Supplementation of one-carbon metabolites to beef heifers during early gestation effects on fetal liver and muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate ratios at day 63 of gestation - (Other)
King, L.E., Syring, J., Entzie, Y., Hirchert, M., Crouse, M.S., Caton, J.S., Dahlen, C.R., Ward, A.K. 2022. Supplementation of one-carbon metabolites to beef heifers during early gestation effects on fetal liver and muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate ratios at day 63 of gestation. 2022 North Dakota Livestock Research Report. 77-79. Available: https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/2022-north-dakota-livestock-research-report

The impacts of maternal nutrition during the first 50 days of gestation: Folate and B12 concentrations in maternal serum and fetal fluids - (Other)
Syring, J.G., Neville, T.L., Crouse, M.S., Ward, A.K., Dahlen, C.R., Reynolds, L.P., Borowicz, P.P., McLean, K.J., Neville, B.W., Caton, J.S. 2022. The impacts of maternal nutrition during the first 50 days of gestation: Folate and B12 concentrations in maternal serum and fetal fluids. 2022 North Dakota Livestock Research Report. 84-87. Available: https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/2022-north-dakota-livestock-research-report

Maternal nutrition during first 50 days of gestation: Impacts on B12 and folate concentrations, interrelationships in maternal, fetal fluids - (Trade Journal)
Syring, J.G., Crouse, M.S., Neville, T.L., Ward, A.K., Dahlen, C.R., Reynolds, L.P., Borowicz, P.P., McLean, K.J., Neville, B.W., Caton, J.S. 2022. Maternal nutrition during first 50 days of gestation: Impacts on B12 and folate concentrations, interrelationships in maternal, fetal fluids. Beef Magazine. September/October:1-7.